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美国枪案分析:昭彰的恶行与潜藏的危险

2017-11-09 06:56:00   新华网

美国得克萨斯州教堂枪击案导致26人死亡,一半是儿童。美国媒体不住追问:如果不是极端主义思想触发的恐怖袭击,又是什么让凶手——一名26岁的前军人犯下如此丧心病狂的恶行?更重要的是,怎样才能阻止类似惨案一再发生?

【多关注受害者 别让凶手“出名”】

事发地警方最近一次新闻发布会对于案情进展的描述出现一个显著改变:凶手的姓名不再被提起。“我们不想给他(凶手)和他所做的事添加‘光环’。”得克萨斯州公共安全部地区总监弗里曼·马丁在6日的发布会上这样解释。

联邦调查局负责调查此案的官员克里斯托弗·科姆斯也说,警方不愿多谈论凶手,因为“不想鼓励其他人行恶”。

不仅是警方,政府机构、受害者家庭和相关领域学界人士普遍认为:不应该给这些制造惨案的凶手过多关注,因为“出名”往往是他们所追求的目标之一,更有触发“模仿犯罪”的危险。

这种共识已经发展为一场有组织的运动,“拒绝恶名昭彰”就是致力于传播这种理念的团体。这个组织的创立者是汤姆·特韦斯与卡伦·特韦斯夫妇,他们的儿子亚历克斯2012年在科罗拉多州奥罗拉市死于一起枪击案。

在公开信息中隐匿当事人真实身份这一准则过去往往应用于受害者,目的是保护人身安全和个人隐私。“拒绝恶名昭彰”则相信:“把关注留给受害者和英雄们,而不是杀害他们的人!”他们相信:当案件发生,公布信息是必要的,但绝不应高调炒作。第一次公布案情时需报道凶手身份,之后就该避免提及。

北卡罗来纳大学研究技术产生的社会效应的专家泽伊内普·蒂费克奇说,有证据显示,那些大型枪击案制造者在动手前会密切关注近期发生的类似案件报道。

这名学者因此频频呼吁,媒体在报道时应避免频繁提及凶手姓名或广泛发布凶手照片,更不要详细讨论凶手作案手法。她说,媒体在报道自杀案件时很注意防止引发效仿问题,今后对于恶性枪案也该照此操作,“这不是新闻审查,而是合理的编辑工作准则”。

【“报复社会”常伴“家庭暴力”?】

美国近年连续发生多起由单人实施的大规模袭击案,凶手们往往当场自杀或被击毙,作案动机难以确知。有美国媒体梳理凶杀背景后说,凶手常常具有一个共同特征:施加家庭暴力的历史。

美国得州教堂惨案的制造者被曝光曾对妻子多次施暴,并袭击一名幼儿致其颅骨碎裂,因此才被美国空军开除。报道说他还曾多次言语威胁岳母,教堂惨案26名受害者中也包括后者。

去年6月在美国佛罗里达州奥兰多同性恋俱乐部打死49人、打伤53人的枪手是阿富汗裔美国人,也有对前妻家暴的历史。

去年11月,一名男子在科罗拉多州一家诊所制造3死9伤的案件后,被发现一长串对女性性暴力犯罪记录。《华盛顿邮报》报道说,他的三名前妻中两个曾指控他有家暴行为。

不过美国东北大学犯罪学家詹姆斯·福克斯并不认同这一观点。他接受美国公共广播公司采访时提供的数据显示,美国2006年以来发生的大规模袭击案中,仅16%的凶手有家暴史,18%有精神疾病史,大部分没有犯罪前科。

在福克斯看来,这些凶手的共同经历是“挫折、失败、失望”,以及“把问题归咎他人而非自己”的倾向。但有这样特征的人千千万万,这并不足以帮助人们“识别出下一个潜藏的凶手”。

福克斯说,事实上,近年来美国每年发生大规模袭击案件的数量并无显著上升,“上升的是受害者人数”。他由此认为,在这类案件中,枪支才是重要因素,而非精神问题或家暴倾向。(沈敏)(新华社专特稿)

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