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专访:日本制造业“造假”频发曝制度和监管漏洞——访日本爱知大学客座研究员李博

2017-11-02 21:50:57   新华网

新华社东京11月2日电  专访:日本制造业“造假”频发曝制度和监管漏洞——访日本爱知大学客座研究员李博

新华社记者钱铮

近期,日产汽车公司、神户制钢所和斯巴鲁公司三家知名日企被曝造假和违规操作。而去年三菱汽车和铃木汽车被曝篡改燃效数据,日产涉嫌尾气检测造假遭韩国环境部起诉,对消费者来说仍记忆犹新。曾经,“日本制造”在全球范围内都是品质卓越的代名词,而如今“日本制造”也变得让人不放心。

日本制造业为何“造假”频发?日本爱知大学国际中国学研究中心客座研究员李博在接受新华社记者专访时表示,日产、神钢、斯巴鲁不正当行为的背后,暴露了日企在用工制度、人力成本控制等方面共同存在的问题,以及相关部门在监管层面的漏洞。

李博说,日本经历了“失去的20年”,经济长期低迷,再加上少子老龄化使国内市场大幅萎缩,需求不足导致行业内竞争加剧,企业过度追求降本增效。

李博认为,从企业管理层面看,日本企业终身雇佣以及年功序列工资制度依然根深蒂固。这些制度虽能提高员工归属感和稳定程度,但也导致人员流动性降低、新陈代谢变缓,导致企业竞争力和效率降低。

从人力成本控制层面看,日本企业过于重视人力成本控制,企业尽可能压缩正式员工数量,导致临时工、兼职、派遣合同工等非正式雇佣人员大量增加。这类人员多数未经过专业培训,只负责一些简单重复劳动。日产和斯巴鲁的汽车检查问题就源于此。

李博指出,非正式雇佣人员的增加拉低了日本制造业技术工人的整体水平,在执行标准时也会大打折扣,增加了工作失误和事故的几率。

他说,从监管层面看,制造业丑闻频发暴露了相关部门在政策制定和执行上的漏洞。李博说,神钢多年前就开始篡改数据,但直至今日才被曝光,国家监管的责任很大。日本政府虽然在法规制定和标准执行上发挥主导作用,但由于日本制造业比较成熟,政府过于信赖企业、行业的自律能力,导致国家监管不足。此外,监管机关人手不足也是问题关键所在。

在日产和斯巴鲁丑闻相继被曝光后,共同社文章也指出,检验完全甩给生产商,这种基于“性善说”的制度似乎无可避免地要面临调整。

李博认为,短时间内,这一连串事件对日本长期塑造的工匠精神等正面形象冲击非常大,严重损害海内外消费者对日本制造的信心,也难免令高质量产品受到连带冲击。但事实上,日本多数工业产品水平和质量还是非常好的。

他说,上述事件会促使日本政府加大对企业的监管力度,让日本企业更加重视内部监管,推动相关法律法规以及标准的细化。而在社会价值观层面上,这些事件会让日本国民和企业冷静和客观地认识日本制造业出现的问题,走出对日本制造的盲目迷信,对重塑日本制造的品质产生积极影响。

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