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枝野幸男:安倍修宪的最后“狙击手”

2017-11-01 16:20:59   新华网

新华社东京11月1日电(天下人物)枝野幸男:安倍修宪的最后“狙击手”

新华社记者 王可佳

11月1日,日本特别国会举行首相指名选举。自民党总裁安倍晋三毫无悬念地第四次当选首相。在有首相指名决定权的众议院投票中,得票居次席的是立宪民主党党首枝野幸男。

仅仅一个月前,在安倍宣布提前大选的政治风暴中,枝野匆匆成立了立宪民主党。10月23日,大选结果揭晓,立宪民主党力压东京都知事小池百合子率领的希望之党,一跃成为最大在野党。

虽然是日本战后“最弱势”的最大反对党党首,枝野将在接下来的日本政坛重组中发挥重要作用。日本在野势力能否冲击“安倍一强”体制,能否狙击安倍修宪,枝野任重道远。

  小池搭台 枝野唱戏

这次日本大选,原本是小池百合子的舞台,但最终唱主角的却是枝野。可以说,如果不是小池把枝野为代表的反修宪势力逼到悬崖边,也不会有枝野破釜沉舟般的惊天反击。

9月25日,安倍宣布将于28日解散众议院提前大选。9月27日,小池宣布成立新党希望之党;28日,当时最大在野党民进党党首前原诚司宣布该党与希望之党合并,统一推举候选人。

不料,因小池扬言要“排除”民进党内进步势力,枝野没有像该党大多数议员那样、放弃原有政治主张转投小池门下。他一度打算以无党派身份参选。然而,反对安倍的民众和团体担心在小池和安倍的保守势力对垒中丧失政治发言权,自发在网上发起“枝野站出来!”的呼吁行动。10月2日,枝野下决心组建立宪民主党,集结了被小池“排除”的党内力量,明确打出了反对安倍修宪的旗号。

事实证明,枝野作出了明智判断。尽管匆匆成立,立宪民主党打出的“草根政治”旗号和鲜明的反安倍立场吸引了选民。枝野坚守政策理念、不向小池低头的姿态也赢得共鸣与喝彩,甚至连石原慎太郎、漫画家小林善纪等标志性右翼分子,尽管与枝野的政治立场格格不入,也在公开场合夸他“有骨气”。

最终,匆匆应战的立宪民主党赢得55个议席。反观希望之党,虎头蛇尾收场,仅获50个议席。小池本人承认“完败”。

  亲历20多年政坛分化组合

枝野对宪法立场的执着,或许与他成长经历有关。他1964年出生,其祖父推崇有“宪政之神”之称的政治家尾崎行雄,给他取了在日语中发音与“行雄”相同的“幸男”。大学期间,枝野进入宪法学者小岛和司的研究室,那里的熏陶让他认识到宪法和法律都是政治工具。1988年,枝野通过了司法考试,成为律师。短短几年后,他就转向了政界。

当时日本政局激荡,政界不断分化组合。1993年,枝野加入细川护熙率领的日本新党并首次当选众议员。同样从日本新党当选的还有小池百合子和前原诚司。三人共同见证了细川领导日本新党以小胜大并登上首相宝座的奇迹。这段以小搏大的“乱世”经历在三人的从政生涯中均刻下深深烙印,以致20多年后的今天,枝野、小池、前原的政治缠斗和恩恩怨怨仍在延续。

此次大选前,可以说枝野只是日本政界比较典型的一名政客。他先后经历了日本新党、新党先驱、民主党、民进党等“非主流政党”。2009年民主党夺取政权后,枝野曾任内阁官房长官、经济产业大臣等要职。这期间他有过一次“高光时间”。2011年日本“3·11”大地震和福岛核泄漏危机之际,时任官房长官的枝野一身防灾服,几乎不眠不休地出现在电视上通报灾情,以致网上出现了“枝野睡一觉吧”的呼声。但同时,他所代表的民主党政权因福岛核泄漏事故应对失当以及对公众隐瞒灾情而受到非议。

2012年底,民主党在大选中惨败,安倍率自民党夺回政权。此后民主党一直势头低迷。2016年3月,民主党联合维新党等势力成立民进党,枝野曾出任干事长。今年7月,民进党党首莲舫因东京都议会选举惨败辞职。9月,枝野在与前原的党首竞选中落败。

当时,谁也想不到,这场党首选举的结果,竟成为左右民进党以及枝野、前原,乃至小池个人政治前景的分水岭。

  新一轮政坛洗牌操盘手

民进党分裂后,前首相菅直人等护宪派留在枝野阵营;一大部分众议员投入小池新党;前首相野田佳彦等人独立参选;而在参议院,民进党仍有40多名参议员。10月30日,前原诚司正式辞去民进党党首。翌日,民进党推举参议员大塚耕平出任党首。民进党现有人马以未经此次大选洗礼的参议员为主。

在众议院465个议席中,自民党和公明党的执政联盟占据了三分之二以上议席。而一份民调显示,包括希望之党、日本维新会等在野党在内,尽管对修宪具体内容存在分歧,约八成众议员支持修宪。安倍已经扬言,如果立宪民主党坚持反对立场,自民党将绕过最大在野党推进修宪程序。

枝野选前选后均明确表示,坚决反对安倍治下的“修宪”。显然,仅依靠本党势力,狙击安倍修宪难度系数颇高。接下来,日本政坛势必有一轮新的洗牌,53岁的枝野将成为关键操盘手之一。

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