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科普:不同学习类型会产生不同脑电波

2017-10-19 09:42:55   

新华社北京10月19日电 骑车和下棋属于不同的学习类型。美国一个研究团队最新发现,不同的学习类型所产生的脑电波也不一样。通过研究大脑完成认知学习和运动任务时产生的神经信号,科学家有望开发出神经系统疾病新的诊疗方法。

神经元兴奋时会产生电子信号,这些信号合起来形成不同频率的脑电波。研究报告的主要作者之一、美国麻省理工学院教授厄尔·米勒介绍说,科学界曾以为所有学习都一样,直到他们发现一位名叫亨利·莫莱森的病人,为了控制癫痫,他在1953年通过手术切除部分大脑后患上严重的健忘症,他会在用餐几分钟后就忘记吃过饭,但记得例如找五角星这种动作。

科学界据此认识到,大脑的学习和记忆可以分为明确和模糊两种类型。明确学习是可以准确描述具体内容的学习,如背诵文章或棋类游戏等。模糊学习又称肌肉技巧学习或肌肉记忆,例如学骑车或者玩杂耍,越练越熟,但很难说出具体学了什么。

美国科研团队此次通过分析动物学习过程进一步发现,不同的学习任务可能需要分别或同时应用明确学习和模糊学习,比如弹钢琴就是两种学习类型都有。他们还发现,这些不同的学习类型与不同的脑电波图形相对应。

研究人员表示,发现和分析不同类型的神经信号有望帮助更早诊断出阿尔茨海默病等认知系统疾病,并帮助患者通过改善学习技能或优化训练方法来减轻症状。比如针对明确学习能力丧失的阿尔茨海默病患者,可着力强化其模糊学习能力,以改善生活质量。

相关研究报告已发表在美国《神经元》杂志上。

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