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美国在中东下的什么棋?

2017-10-17 08:07:54   

最近,美国对伊核协议的态度引发各方关注。虽然最终美国总统特朗普并未像很多人担心的那样退出协议,但是其强硬表态依然引人担忧。围绕着这份多边协议的纷纷扰扰背后其实是美国中东政策的调整。

  中东很“热闹”

最近,在涉及中东的问题上,美国动作频频。

在刚刚过去的这个周末,特朗普拒绝签署伊核协议执行情况总统确认书。据英国广播公司网站报道,在强烈的反对声下,他没有直接“杀死”该协议,而是把“球”踢给了国会。在接下来的60天里,美国国会将决定协议的命运。

对于伊核协议,特朗普的不满众所周知。他曾多次公开表态要退出该协议。根据美国国会通过的伊核协议审查法案,总统每隔90天要通知国会伊朗是否遵守协议。这一次,特朗普承认伊朗遵守协议,但强调美国将继续以制裁手段来向伊朗施压。这是他今年1月上任以来第三次向国会做此说明,也被认为是美方最有可能认定伊朗“违约”进而促使国会走程序退出伊核协议的一次。

10月12日,美国务院发表声明称,美将退出联合国教科文组织,随后以色列也宣布追随美国退出该组织。美国此举的原因之一还是源于中东。早在2011年,教科文组织批准巴勒斯坦成为正式会员国,相当于变相承认了巴勒斯坦的国家身份,引发美强烈反对,并随即中止缴纳会费。今年5月,教科文组织在一份决议中将以色列称为“占领国”。7月,巴勒斯坦的希伯伦老城申报世界遗产成功,而其位于以色列控制之下。以上种种均引发美以强烈不满。

此外,10月6日,在沙特国王萨勒曼访问俄罗斯期间,美国宣布向沙特出售“萨德”反导系统。今年5月,尽管特朗普访问期间与沙特达成了高达1100亿美元的军售协议,但美国和沙特当时都没有公布这份空前大单的具体内容。

  美国要什么

自特朗普入主白宫以来,美国与伊朗之间就摩擦不断。不过,特朗普并未像他曾经说过的那样,一有机会就退出伊核协议。为何此时,特朗普选择升高调门?

“特朗普总统已经重新调整了中东的危险因素排序。如今,伊朗已经替代所谓的‘伊斯兰国’成为美国的‘头号敌人’。”英国广播公司网站报道引用专家的分析指出。

也有分析指出,特朗普上台后的中东政策着力点就是全面限制伊朗,他在访问沙特期间就明确要求中东盟友共同针对伊朗。而特朗普不断提高调门威胁退出协议,意在向伊朗和国际社会施压,谋求重新谈判,以达到全面遏制伊朗的目的。

此外,最近,中东局势的微妙变化似乎也引起了美国的不安。

10月4日至7日,沙特国王萨勒曼访问俄罗斯,成为第一位访问俄罗斯的沙特国王。据俄罗斯媒体报道,两国达成至少30亿美元军购协议,其中S-400防空导弹订单尤为吸引眼球。事实上,最近几个月以来,埃及、约旦、以色列、土耳其等国先后到访。

有专家指出,这股“亲俄浪潮”实际反映了不论是奥巴马的“轻脚印战略”还是特朗普的“有限干预政策”,都无法再扮演美国盟友所期望的中东秩序维护者角色。与之相反,俄罗斯却强势重返中东,并借助军事介入叙利亚一举奠定了其中东重要玩家的地位。

此次,特朗普想借打压伊朗拉近与这些传统盟友的关系,提升美国在中东地区的影响力。由于伊朗与俄罗斯互动密切,加大对伊朗的“敲打”力度也可以遏制俄罗斯在中东发挥影响。

  外界多质疑

此次特朗普虽然没有退出伊核协议,但是,据美联社报道,特朗普在白宫说:“作为总统,我可以随时让美国退出该协议。”

特朗普的强硬态度引发各方关切。联合国秘书长、英国首相特雷莎·梅、德国总理默克尔和法国总统马克龙等均表示了对伊核协议的支持。

正如法新社评论指出的,“美国优先”并不意味着“美国单干”。在其他缔约方都支持伊核协议的情况下,“美国分明变得孤立无援”。此外,毗邻中东的欧洲担忧,一旦协议遭到破坏,伊朗可能恢复核计划,加剧地区紧张局势,危及自身安全。同时,美国也放弃了“在稳定、以规则为基础的全球格局中的领导角色”。

也有专家指出,一旦美国退出伊核协议,国际社会将质疑美国对外政策的延续性和稳定性,进而质疑美国所强调的全球领导地位的合法性,同时全球秩序的稳定和良性发展也会遭受极大冲击。

此外,美国国内对于特朗普的中东政策还有诸多质疑。美国有线电视新闻网引用专家的话指出,特朗普政府的诸多政策都是说得多做得少,如今,其对伊朗的所谓“战略”也令人担忧。

正如分析指出的,特朗普上台以来,对美国的中东政策进行了新一轮调整。美国通过对沙特的巨额军售等,引发中东又一轮军备竞赛,沙特和伊朗两大阵营紧张局势进一步升级。未来,美国与伊朗在中东地区很大程度上将上演“斗而不破”的戏码,中东地区也将持续成为国际舞台的热点。(记者 张红)

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