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日本众议院选举凸显修宪护宪之争

2017-10-16 08:17:53   

日本首相安倍晋三引爆的众议院选举现已进入炽烈的决战阶段,各股政治势力乱哄哄,你方唱罢我登场,除自民、公明、维新会以及民进、日共、社民等老字号政党外,欲争雄于乱世的希望之党、立宪民主党等也加入选战。面对几年未见的各党争雄态势,日本舆论评曰:政界进入“战国时代”。

古话说,道乖者,不以咫尺为近。角逐大位的诸党虽同为永田町常客,此时却视为路人,密迩而不接。且以“宪”划线,选边站队,围绕和平宪法修不修、何时修、修什么等关乎立国根基的问题,合纵连横,犬牙交错,形成三股政治势力竞选格局,被舆论提上“三极混战”的高度加以评析。

所谓政坛“三极”,一是指掌握权柄、力推修宪的自民、公明两党结成“传统保守”一极;二是指小池百合子领导的“希望之党”,招降民进党力主修宪的残部,与日本维新会联手鼓动修宪,被称为“改革保守”;三是秉承护宪理念的日共与社民党,与立宪民主党携手,构成左翼进步护宪一极。

缘于选战中的“大牌主角”与“群众演员”力量悬殊,“三极混战”并非等边三角,更非鼎足而立。众院共选465个议席,自公两党需确保310席,方可达修宪动议所需的2/3议席。为遏制政敌达标,并力保自身至少获1/3席位,护宪力量须全力阻击。显然,护宪阵营尚不具备力克强敌的实力。

由此可见,自公联盟与集结于“希望之党”大纛下的新保守势力角逐成为选战重头戏。安倍作为传统保守势力代表,自二次执政以来,将政治资本倾斜投放于“修宪大业”,以推动自卫队“合乎宪法”。此番突然解散众院,欲通过选举洗牌,纠集党内外修宪势力闯关,于2020年实施新宪法。

“希望之党”势力膨胀,此次在全国共提名233个候选人,超过众院半数议席。这一桩脚布局显示其实力遍及央地,不容小觑。党首小池本是老自民党员,立场保守,鼓噪修宪;该党部分议员“右翼色彩浓厚,在修宪和历史认识上,比自民党还‘右’”,堪称安倍推行修宪战略的“第二梯队”。

公明党在修宪立场上主张“加而不修”———将“环境权”等新条款增列入宪,故抵制安倍在2018年国会提出修宪动议。两党围绕修宪歧见明显,为小池利用,频向公明党抛媚眼,放风声:“大选后若由公明党党魁出任首相会很不错”。对此,自民党颇为紧张,担心公明党倒戈,致己大权旁落。

日共与社民党作为左翼,牵挽立宪民主党,坚持宪法第九条,且致力于挫败安倍政权的安保政策。但曲高和寡、大音希声,势单力薄、独木难支,为“保保合流”乱气流裹挟,有进一步边缘化的危险。

倘若立宪民主党能在此次大选站稳脚跟,保住席位或有小幅增长,实属善战,确实不易。

基于上述政情考量,众院选后,日本政权结构或出现如下调整。一是自公两党拿下过半的233个议席,继续执政,但拥有国会324个议席的“山峰型”体制或被打破。二是为确保修宪动议所需2/3议席 (310席),安倍不惜抛出香饵,诱拉一莲托生的“希望之党”加盟,建立保守大联合政权。

反观“希望之党”,此选虽未过半,却能挟议席之众,扮演四两拨千斤的“关键少数”,并藉此索取重要阁僚位子,在首相提名中推荐公明党或其他属意政客,为党利服务。

该党盘马弯弓,待价而沽的投机色彩暴露无遗。难怪小池心腹若狭胜得意地称,“下次的下次众院选举”即是夺权之时。

古往今来,为政者“不患位之不尊,而患德之不崇”。反观此次众院选举,不论是自—公联盟,抑或是自—希联合,均一心沉湎于“权力游戏”,屡屡忤逆民意,自毁和平主义国家品格,逆历史潮流而动,以推动日本循“可战国家”航线疾驰。如此,载舟之水则覆舟,政权运营必败无疑。

(作者陆忠伟系中国现代国际关系研究院原院长)

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