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美国“退群”:“美国优先”的又一次“任性”

2017-10-14 11:16:53   

在特朗普政府的会计师式思维下,联合国教科文组织的工作对自己没太多直接好处,退出还能赖掉所欠的会费。

10月12日,美国国务院发表声明,宣布美国将从2018年12月31日起,退出联合国教科文组织。这引发广泛关注,中国外交部表示,中方将继续积极参与并支持联合国教科文组织的工作,并愿意同其他国家开展合作;希望所有国家都能为此做出贡献。法、俄等国外交部均对美国做法表示遗憾,日本政府则称“缴费要看时机,要根据情形综合判断”。

美国“退群”,明面上是对以色列的声援。2011年11月23日,联合国教科文组织正式接纳巴勒斯坦成为第195个成员国。这不仅激起以色列的反对,美国也在几天后宣布停缴会费,奥巴马政府当时表示此举是“迫于国内压力和尊重美国法律”。

今年5月,联合国教科文组织投票通过一项有关耶路撒冷的决议,称以色列是“占领国”,敦促以色列停止在东耶路撒冷的考古挖掘和其他工程。7月,位于巴勒斯坦约旦河西岸的希伯伦老城又被列入世界遗产名录。这更是引发以色列愤怒,为此一年内四次减少应缴纳会费。

美国的退出举动,显然是对以色列的呼应,而以色列随后也表示会跟随美国退出。

因为伊朗核协议等问题,美以关系在奥巴马任内持续恶化,以色列总理内塔尼亚胡曾在到访美国时拒绝和奥巴马见面。而特朗普在竞选阶段就频频对以色列示好,声言一旦上任就承认耶路撒冷是以色列首都。上任之后,特朗普任命亲以色列人士出任驻以大使;今年5月还成为首位任内访问哭墙的美国总统,并扬言要撕毁奥巴马时期签署的伊朗核协议。

特朗普的这些举动,一方面是恢复共和党和以色列交好的传统,另一方面也是要展示美国为所欲为的任性。

美国“退群”,更是特朗普上台以来“美国优先”价值观的必然结果。

特朗普靠激发美国国内的民粹主义情绪上台,其对外政策的核心是“美国优先”。不愿承担对自己没有直接好处的国际责任,也就是会计师式的思维方式。美国任何时候在账面上必须是盈利的,且盈利得是实实在在的,那些虚头巴脑的价值观和面子都不算。

特朗普对欧盟和北约的质疑,对加拿大发起贸易战,退出《巴黎协定》,都是这种价值观的反映。

而在特朗普的眼里,教科文组织所专注的前瞻性研究、知识传播和文化遗产保护等工作,就属于虚头巴脑。加上美国本就欠了5亿美元会费,如果退出,不仅可以赖掉这笔钱,还能给以色列一个顺水人情,按照特朗普的逻辑,何乐而不为?

鉴于美国的国际影响力,其退出行为当然是联合国教科文组织的损失,但这不意味着该组织因此就无法运作。

事实上,这不是美国首次“退群”。在1984年到2002年间,美国也曾退出教科文组织,当时非洲国家塞内加尔人阿曼都布任总干事,多次不服从美国旨意。而美国是共和党强硬派总统里根执政,他把教科文组织称之为“第三世界批评美国和以色列的讲坛”。1984年12月,美国悍然宣布退出,直到2002年9月,美国为给反恐战争寻求国际支持,才在小布什任内宣布回归。

有此先例,可以想见,此次退出后,未来在国内政治发生变化和对联合国有所求的情况下,美国仍有可能再次回归。而这段时间,也是其他国家扩大影响力的机会。(赵灵敏 学者)

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