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爱自己还是更爱你?男女有差异利己利他大不同

2017-10-12 06:46:54   

女性比男性更乐于助人?英国《自然·人类行为》期刊9日发表的一份研究报告显示,与他人分享钱财时,与男性相比,女性大脑反应更为活跃;相反,把钱财“纳为己有”时,男性的大脑反应则更为强烈。

研究报告共同作者、瑞士苏黎世大学神经经济学和社会神经学副教授菲利普·托布勒说,以往的研究结果显示,女性比男性更“利他”。

“女性的主观价值更偏向利他行为,而男性则偏向利己行为,”托布勒说,“不过,我们先前并不知道这种差异是如何在大脑层面产生的。其实,男女的价值观由大脑中的多巴胺系统‘编码’。”

多巴胺是一种神经传导物质,这种脑内分泌物和人的情欲、感觉有关,它传递兴奋和开心的信息。为了验证价值观的形成与多巴胺之间的关系,托布勒与同事进行了一系列实验。

一项实验中,56名男女参与者面临两种选择:将一笔奖金与他人分享或者据为己有。在仅服用安慰剂、没有影响多巴胺分泌的情况下,女性比男性表现得更利他,选择与他人分享奖金。然而,在服用常用于治疗精神分裂症的药物阿米舒必利后,实验对象大脑中的多巴胺系统遭到扰乱,女性变得更利己,而男性则更慷慨。

托布勒说:“男女(在利己和利他)的优先选择上原本相反(女性更为利他),而在干预多巴胺系统后,出现了相反的效果(女性变得更为利己)。”

另一项实验中,研究人员利用核磁共振成像观察8名女性和9名男性参与者在做选择时的大脑变化。与男性相比,女性在做出利他行为时大脑的纹状体更活跃,这一部位关乎多巴胺释放。

研究人员指出,男女大脑的差异不一定与脑部区域大小、形状等结构性因素有关,这些差异可能是功能性的。

“人们可以用生理学基础来解释一些典型的男性性格特征了。”美国佐治亚州立大学神经学副教授安妮·墨菲说,这项最新研究让他更加意识到男女大脑存在差异的事实,“与其用这一知识凸显男女区别,不如利用它帮助我们改善社会”。通过改变大脑中的多巴胺信号,可以增加人们的亲社会行为。(刘曦)【新华社微特稿】

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