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核能发展,安全才能行更远

2017-09-25 07:41:55   新华网

福岛核电站泄漏事故已经过去6年,关于核辐射的惨痛记忆仍然敲击着警钟。如何科学认识被各国日益重视和发展的核电能源?核安全究竟能否保障?带着种种问题,我们约请中国社科院的两位研究专家撰文,请他们从科学的角度解读分析

一问 如何保障核能的安全利用?

从美国三里岛核事故到苏联切尔诺贝利核灾难再到日本福岛核泄漏,每一次严重的核事故都会在核电发展的道路上投下阴影,也警醒人们更加关注核电站的安全。知难而上,重大事故并没有阻止发展核电的步伐,国际核能界在充分吸取核电站事故教训的基础上,正在采用更高的工程标准,研发更先进、更安全的核电技术,实行更严格的行业监管,继续推进核电发展。

自投入商业化至今,核电技术已经历了三代演进,每一代技术更新都会带来安全性能的大幅提升。福岛核电站应用第二代核电机组,在超出设计标准的极端情况下,如果安全系统不能及时启动,就可能产生严重后果。当年“3·11”事故中,彼时巨大的海啸导致核电站的应急柴油机未能正常启动,由于电力供应没有及时恢复,无法实现冷却水对反应堆的冷却,最终导致堆芯熔化。相较于发生三里岛、切尔诺贝利、福岛核事故的第二代核电机组,现在主流的第三代核电机组的安全性、经济性得到显著提升。

目前,美国、中国等国家正在积极开展对高温气冷堆、熔盐堆、钠冷快堆等第四代核电技术的研发,预计在2030年左右将投入运营。第四代核电机组要求在事故条件下无放射性厂外释放,也无需厂外应急。也就是说,核电站内发生的任何事故都不会对电站外公众造成损害。这无疑是核电安全性的一个重大飞跃。

核废料的处理也是影响核电安全的重要方面。乏燃料是核反应堆使用过的核燃料,它不仅放射性强、毒性大,而且半衰期长,基本上以万年为单位。如何妥善处理乏燃料,国际上也在积极探索。一些国家将冷却、包装后的乏燃料直接藏到深地质层,也有不少国家对乏燃料进行再处理,将其中有用的铀和钚提取出来进行再循环使用,这样不仅提高了核燃料的使用效率,也大大减小了需要进行深地质处置的放射性废物的体积。

核电站建设应当采取稳妥推进的原则,切忌“大干快上”,必须将安全性放到首位,通过全面提升核电站的安全标准,采用安全性更高的核电技术,强化对核电站建设、运营、维护的安全监管等手段,将核电站可能存在的安全隐患降到最低。

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