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新闻背景:德国联邦议院选举制度

2017-09-24 11:36:51   新华网

新华社北京9月24日电 新闻背景:德国联邦议院选举制度

新华社记者何梦舒

德国24日举行联邦议院选举,来自42个政党和社会团体的候选人将角逐联邦议院至少598个议席。选举后将产生新政府。

联邦议院是德国的立法和政府监督机构,通常每4年举行一次选举。目前,德国约6150万公民拥有选举权。选民通过选出青睐的“人”和“党”来决定国家未来政治走向。

联邦议院选举选票由两部分组成:第一票和第二票。前者选人,后者选党。

第一票列出的是某一选区竞争“直选议席”的候选人名单,参选的是各党派推选的个人代表和一些独立候选人。谁在这一投票中得票最多,谁就直接获得一个议席。全德共分299个选区,每个选区都会选出一名代表进入议院,议院法定598个议席中一半席位人选由此确定。

第二票,选民要选出最符合自己期待的党派。这一票的结果直接决定各党派能否进入联邦议院以及议院法定598个议席的分配,对最终谁能够上台执政至关重要。

德国现行选举制度对参政资格设有门槛,只有第二票得票率跨过5%这条线的政党才能进入联邦议院。对于所有符合条件的政党,将按照特定方法计算出它们分得的议席总数。第二票得票数越多,应得议席数量就相应越多。

需要注意的是,近年选举常出现的情况是,一些党派在第一票获得的“直选议席”多于其依据第二票结果应得的议席总数,而“直选议席”须全部保留,因此产生“超额议席”并导致实际议席总数超过法定规模。

为确保执政稳定性,执政党或执政联盟在联邦议院拥有绝对多数议席是必要条件。不过,根据现阶段德国选举制度和党派发展状态,很难出现单一党派在选举中获得绝对多数议席的情况。选举结果出炉后,得票率居前的政党会尝试接触,商讨组建执政联盟的可能性。决定共同执政的政党在相关谈判中将确定新政府施政纲领和内阁各职位归属等问题,并最终出台一份联合组阁协议。

总理人选是组阁谈判中需要确定的重要问题之一。相关政党就此达成一致后,新一届联邦议院会将总理选举提上日程。在程序上,总理需由总统正式提名,议员进行投票表决。由于执政一方拥有绝对多数议席,其总理人选一般都能顺利通过投票。

当组阁相关问题都得到落实后,新政府将开始着手落实竞选承诺,带领国家步入下一阶段发展。

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