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不变革就解体?欧盟将往何处去

2017-09-21 09:22:54   新华网

法国总统马克龙本月首访希腊,这也是他在就任总统后的第一次国事访问。在古代雅典城邦举行公民大会的普尼克斯山,马克龙发表演说,着重阐述了他“重塑欧盟”的改革计划。马克龙表示:“我们需要找到重启欧盟的力量……法国今天要做的是讨论这一构想和雄心,以建设一个更加强大的欧盟。”他明确表示,如果欧盟不变革,就可能解体。

据法媒报道,从某种意义上看,希腊之行对马克龙十分重要,因为他多次强调将欧洲建设作为自己五年总统任期的重点。希腊是欧洲文明的摇篮,同时希腊也是饱受债务危机影响的国家。马克龙在演讲中就表示,选择希腊作为他首个国事访问国绝非偶然。也正是在这个具有双重象征意义的地方,他将再次开启欧盟改革的进程。法国总统的此番表态,再次引发了人们对于欧盟未来发展的讨论和思考。

在不断变革中成长

欧盟的历史最早可追溯到欧洲煤钢共同体,当时只有西德、荷兰、比利时、卢森堡、法国、意大利六个成员国。1950年,法国外交部部长罗伯特·舒曼公布了“舒曼计划”,建议将法国、德国的煤钢生产置于一个高级联营机构的管制之下,其他欧洲国家也可参加。1952年,欧洲煤钢共同体正式成立。1958年,欧洲经济共同体和欧洲原子能共同体成立。1965年,三个共同体正式合并,统称欧洲共同体。

1991年12月,欧共体马斯特里赫特首脑会议通过了建立“欧洲经济货币联盟”和“欧洲政治联盟”的《欧洲联盟条约》。1992年2月7日,《马斯特里赫特条约》签订,设立理事会、委员会、议会,逐步由区域性经济共同开发转型为区域政经整合的发展。1993年11月1日,欧洲联盟正式成立,欧洲三大共同体纳入欧洲联盟,这标志着欧共体从经济实体向经济政治实体过渡,同时发展共同外交及安全政策,并加强司法及内政事务上的合作。

与此同时,随着《申根协定》1995年的正式实施,以及2002年欧元的正式使用,欧盟已渐渐从单纯的贸易实体转变为经济和政治联盟。欧洲经济共同体和后来的欧盟在1973年至2013年期间进行了八次扩大,成员国从6个增至28个。欧盟的主要机构包括由成员国国家首脑组成的决策机构欧洲理事会、行政机构欧盟委员会、欧洲议会、欧洲法院以及欧洲中央银行等。

在重重危机中挣扎求存

欧盟的诞生,使欧洲的商品、劳务、人员、资本能够自由流通,使欧洲的经济增长速度快速提高。然而,随着欧盟的不断扩大,成员国不断增多,欧盟的经济实力在进一步得到加强的同时,其内部存在的矛盾和问题也逐渐显现,极大阻碍了欧洲一体化进程,而在外界看来,欧盟似乎也一直处在各式各样的“危机”之中。

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