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美国华人科学家制出新型锂电池

2017-09-13 08:51:36   新华网

物理学家组织网报道称,美国华人科学家团队研制出一款基于水基电解液的新型锂离子电池,不仅电压首次达到笔记本电脑等家用电子产品所需的4伏标准,且能完全避免现有商用锂电池存在的着火和爆炸危险。与该发明相关的两篇论文分别发表在最近出版的《科学》和《焦耳》杂志上。

现有电子产品中,锂离子电池都使用非水性电解液。工作时,电池电压必须满足4伏标准,而在这个工作电压下水容易分解,所以锂电池常用有机溶剂作为电解液,但这类电解液易燃易爆,可能导致电子产品着火爆炸,存在着极大的安全隐患。

马里兰大学王春生团队在2015年就研发出一种水电解液电池,但电压最高只能达到3伏,且其电极性能会受水溶液影响而下降。此次,王春生团队联合美陆军研究实验室许康等科学家,合作开发出了这款升级版水基锂电池。

研究人员研发出一种新型聚合物凝胶涂层,因其特殊的排水性,涂在电极上后,水分子无法靠近电极表面;首次充电后,凝胶分解形成稳定界面,将电极和电解液隔离,阻止水分子在工作电压下分解。该技术不仅提高了电池的储能和充放电性能,还完全规避了有机溶剂电解质易爆炸的风险。

虽然新电池的工作电压已达到商用水平,但与现有锂离子电池相比,还有很大的提升空间。比如,新电池的材料成本较高,且只能充放电50次到100次,而要想具有商业竞争优势,充放电周期必须达到500次以上。

但不可否认的是,新电池背后的电化学处理方法,对钠离子电池、锂硫电池、锌镁多离子电池等电池技术,以及电镀和电化学合成等领域,具有重要借鉴意义。

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