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火星曾存在生命?NASA“好奇号”在火星找到硼元素

2017-09-13 08:46:19   中国青年网

中新网9月13日电 科学家在火星上找到了生命可能曾经存在的关键证据!据台湾“联合新闻网”报道,NASA“好奇号”火星探测车在火星火山口中发现了硼酸盐,这种物质在组成 RNA 方面扮演重要角色。科学家长期假设了一个“RNA 世界”学说,认为第一个生命是由单链 RNA 组成,这一重大发现可能会成为火星存在过生命的证据之一,虽然这些生命在理论上已死去数十亿年。

“RNA 世界”(RNA World)一词由诺贝尔奖得主沃特?吉尔伯特在 1986 年提出,认为具有催化性质、可自我复制的 RNA 是形成最早生命的分子。

图片来源:洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室

据悉,RNA有多样功能,能在遗传编码、翻译、调控、基因表现等过程发挥作用。至于 RNA和DNA最主要的区别,在于RNA核糖的2位碳是羟基(–OH),DNA是氢原子(H),这个羟基基团是臭名昭彰的不安于室,会使 RNA 变得不稳定,从而使 RNA 水解成核苷酸;若想让RNA 核糖稳定,需要靠另一个元素在背后扶持,这位无名英雄就是“硼”(boron)。

NASA的火星探测车“好奇号”(Curiosity)于 2012 年登陆火星,负责采集火星的土壤样本和岩芯,然后对其中的有机化合物和环境条件进行分析。这一次,“好奇号”在盖尔环形山(Gale crater)的爬坡途中发现了新元素:硼。

火星探测车“好奇号”。(图片来源:NASA)

硼溶解在水中变成硼酸盐时会与核糖反应,使其稳定制造 RNA。洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室博士后研究员帕特里克强调,“没有 RNA 就没有生命,而硼酸盐是简单有机分子得以进阶到 RNA 的桥梁之一”。

火星上存在硼告诉人类两件事,第一件是古代火星可能有孕育生命的成功条件;另一件则是,“好奇号”是从火山口的硫酸钙矿脉(calcium sulfate mineral vein)中发现硼元素,这意味着硼存在于火星地下水中,如果有机物也存在,则代表有些地下水的环境适合居住,温度落在 0至60摄氏度、pH 值介于中性至碱性,可能得以支持最简单的生命化学反应。

“好奇号”提供越来越多古老火星的化学变化细节,但研究人员还是保守地说,虽然已检测到硼的存在,但火星上有没有生物的可能性仍是一个谜,因为他们也还没有任何实质证据。

接下来,NASA 的“火星-2020 任务探测车”将接续探测任务,试图解决更多火星的未知问题。

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