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新技术可低成本用植物废料制取生物燃料

2017-09-11 11:46:40   新华网

新华社北京9月11日电 美国特拉华大学科学家开发出一种简易、高效、生产成本较低的新技术,可将植物废料中的木质纤维素分解成糖,进而转化成生物燃料。

木质纤维素是使木材和树皮坚硬强韧的物质,它是一种丰富、廉价的可再生资源,大量存在于秸秆、木屑等农林业废弃物中。但由于难以分解,现有技术通常要先用高温高压或强酸强碱进行预处理,再用昂贵催化剂进行分解,导致制取出的生物燃料成本高昂。

新技术的核心是一种特殊的催化剂,其成分是含铱元素的浓缩无机盐溶液,用铼元素的氧化物增强活性。木质材料被溶液浸泡后会膨胀,变得容易分解,就像报纸被水浸烂。该催化剂的独特性质使它可以直接分解木质纤维素,不需要预处理,对温度的要求也较低。

此外,木质纤维素分解成糖后,可在同一容器里进行脱水反应转化成呋喃,后者是生产生物燃料的关键分子。在此过程中,催化剂溶液得到回收利用。

研究小组在美国《可持续发展化学》杂志上报告说,新技术理论上可达到95%的转化率,反应温度仅85摄氏度,时间短至1小时,对能量和水的消耗都较少。

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