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美经济走向要看灾后重建“脸色”

2017-09-11 08:36:38   中国经济网

飓风“艾尔玛”10日迫近美国南部,已导致逾600万人避难撤离,正常生产生活无法进行。近期接踵而至的特大飓风导致美国经济短期遭到重创,财政和货币政策将受到波及,专家预计长期经济走势取决于灾后重建工作能否顺利进行。

飓风“艾尔玛”9日过境古巴后,进入佛罗里达海峡,迫近佛罗里达群岛。在“艾尔玛”登陆美国佛罗里达州南部前,各种气象灾害已经导致十几万户家庭断电,630万人接到撤离令。

预计受灾最重的将是佛州南部。按照美国国家气象局说法,飓风过后,佛州南部很多地方可能“数周甚至数月”都没法住人。美国核心信息咨询公司估计,将近850万处佛州民宅和商业建筑将受到严重损坏。

美国总统特朗普在社交媒体推特上警告“艾尔玛”将是前所未有的,8日发表正式视频声明,呼吁人们接到撤离令后不要犹豫马上撤离。

“艾尔玛”的影响暂未可知,加上日前发生的飓风“哈维”,接连两场超级飓风对美国经济的影响不容小觑。

这两场飓风还影响全球油价。飓风“哈维”肆虐墨西哥湾,美国沿岸炼厂及海上钻井平台被迫关闭,美国部分地区汽油供应短缺,波及全球能源市场。而威力更大的“艾尔玛”飓风一旦影响墨西哥湾,美国能源产业将再遭打击,对全球能源市场造成更大冲击。

分析人士预计,此轮飓风接连侵袭将考验已经连续扩张九年的美国经济,尤其是灾害过后的1至2个月,就业市场可能出现大幅滑坡。但随着重建工程的带动,工人就业、房屋建设、交通基建等领域将呈现增长势头。

美国最新公布的数据显示,经季节性调整后,截至9月2日的一周内,美国失业补助申领人数猛涨6.2万人,总人数达29.8万人,是2015年4月以来的最高水平。在得州,飓风来袭后的一周内新增了5.1万人申领失业补助,而在“哈维”到来的前一周,该州申领失业补助者仅有1.2万多人。经济学家预计,在“艾尔玛”风暴初期,全国失业人数可能攀升至40万。

对于飓风影响下的美国经济,西部银行首席经济学家安德森表示,9月和10月的经济数据肯定将受到负面冲击,随后的重建工程有望拉动11月和12月的回升,美国经济状况要到2018年第一季度才能走出灾情因素影响。

美国总统特朗普8日签署国会参众两院通过的一揽子法案,提升政府债务上限和延长政府开支法案至今年12月,并为“哈维”飓风灾区和美国今年其他严重受灾地区提供约153亿美元联邦救助。

根据特朗普8日签署的法案,美国联邦政府除为“哈维”飓风灾区提供79亿美元救灾援助外,鉴于“艾尔玛”飓风即将来袭,还追加74亿美元救助款用于2017年美国受灾最严重地区。据美国国会预算局估计,其中57%的救助款(约87亿美元)将在2020年或更晚投入使用。

美联储官员公开表示,货币政策也会考量近期灾害对经济的影响,但目前来看对政策影响有限。纽约联储主席杜德利在接受采访时表示,从长期来看,飓风“哈维”和“艾尔玛”能够提振经济活动。杜德利称,飓风对经济的最初影响是有害的。但从长期的角度来看,这些灾难的发生实则会提振经济活动,因为人们必须重建所有被风暴破坏的东西。

杜德利补充道,他认为近期的经济损失不会对美联储的政策产生多大影响。他仍相信美联储将开始缩减其4.5万亿美元的资产负债表。杜德利表示,就提高短期利率而言,将取决于经济是怎样发展的。一方面,经济增长超过了一定水平,这就意味着需要继续消除宽松。另一方面,通胀率低于目标,比预期的要低。杜德利认为现在判断下次加息的时机还为时过早。但短期利率显然会随着时间的推移而逐步上升。

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