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欧洲福利制度光环褪色

2017-09-10 10:21:39   新华网

新华社赫尔辛基9月10日电 题:欧洲福利制度光环褪色

新华社记者李骥志

欧洲国家曾以高福利制度为荣。然而,随着经济增长放缓甚至停滞,欧洲各国政府普遍陷入入不敷出的困境,高福利成为沉重的包袱。虽然执政者试图寻求变革,但面临重重困难,举步维艰。

上世纪80年代前后,欧洲各国普遍建立了较为完备的高福利制度,基本涵盖社会各个阶层,个人可享受早期教育、基础教育、住房保障、医疗保险、失业补助、退休金、抚恤金等福利,被称为“从摇篮到坟墓”的福利制度。

“然而,没有一种制度是完美的。”东芬兰大学教授尤霍·萨里对新华社记者说。欧洲福利保障制度是建立在经济高速增长、政府税收不断增加的基础之上。但随着经济步入慢车道甚至停滞不前,欧洲的高福利制度开始暴露出一系列问题。

2009年,欧盟成员国中经济实力较弱的希腊因财政赤字和债务水平过高,被三大信用评级机构降级,揭开了希腊债务危机的序幕。这一危机的爆发,在暴露欧元区内在结构性问题的同时,也让人们再次注意到维持庞大福利体系的风险。

建立在充分就业和高额税收基础上的福利体系,对经济表现的依赖性非常强。一旦经济下滑、失业增加,就会导致税收减少、福利开支不足。例如,芬兰经济从2012年到2014年连续3年负增长,是欧盟经济表现最差的国家之一。有测算表明,芬兰未来15年卫生福利部门的资金缺口达100亿欧元。而芬兰的情况并非个例,欧洲许多国家目前均面临在维持福利保障方面捉襟见肘的窘境。

面对这一问题,欧洲在国家和欧盟层面都试图改革,但面临各种挑战和阻力。

首先是人口红利期已经结束。萨里说,抚养比一直是高福利制度的一个主要隐患。欧洲各国都已进入“老龄化”社会,劳动力抚养非劳动力的负担将越来越重。近年来,欧洲不少国家在努力削减福利的同时,设法延长退休年龄,鼓励老年人自我保健、居家养老,呼吁家庭成员承担起赡养老人的一部分社会责任。

其次,难民成为额外包袱。2015年以来,大批来自中东的难民涌入欧洲。收容国出于人道主义考虑,需要为他们提供医药、食品、住房、基础教育等社会福利保障。

在一度被视作“高福利典范”的瑞典,2015年接收难民人数多达16.3万。难民涌入使瑞典的住房、教育和医疗等社会资源告急,中央政府不得不将自愿接收难民政策改为各地市强制分配。瑞典行业经济研究所研究员马滕·布利克斯撰文指出,瑞典的薪酬水平处于全球高位,而绝大多数难民受教育程度低,很难适应当地劳工市场,这两者是个“糟糕”的组合。

再次,福利制度本身使人“变懒”。在福利体系不断制度化的过程中,一直有经济学家提醒,不要让多余的福利变成刚性需求。例如,经济合作与发展组织曾发表分析报告指出,欧洲福利制度过分保护劳动者利益,失业保险甚至比一些岗位工资还高,这使得一些人宁肯吃救济,也不愿工作,导致政府税负问题更加严重。

最后,欧洲国家的民主选举制度也对改革形成掣肘。对于高福利困境,一个最直接的解决办法就是削减福利,但政治家们只顾眼前利益,对长远的改革畏手畏脚。萨里告诉记者,任何政客只要反对福利国家理念,肯定得不到选票。上台者若要推行削减福利的改革,必定遭到利益集团的反对。以希腊改革为例,可以说每一轮削减福利都举步维艰,引发各种抗议活动。

由俭入奢易,由奢入俭难。福利制度研究者玛蒂尔塔认为,社会福利在65年前是一种崇高的理念,如今则更多成了各党派政治谈判的筹码。(参与记者:陈占杰、付一鸣、韩冰)

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