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16年战争,阿富汗改变了多少?

2017-09-04 09:01:11   新华网

喀布尔使馆区的上空,高悬的巨大白色飞艇时刻监视着下面的一切。这里就是名著《追风筝的人》中男主角家住的富人区,也是历经战乱的阿富汗首都安保最严密的区域。美国2001年推翻塔利班政权以来,阿安全局势没有改善,相反有恶化的趋势。在全国407个地区中,阿富汗政府只能控制60%的地区,重建阻力之大可想而知。16年来,阿富汗战争也成为美国卷入的历史上最长的战争,就连总统特朗普都说“美国人厌倦了看不到胜利的战争”并实施增兵的新战略。而厌倦了动荡和混乱的阿富汗人心态复杂,担心“美国决定不了阿富汗的命运”,闹不好国家又成血腥战场。16年间,阿富汗发生了许多变化,但不同政治势力之间的斗争、塔利班在外省地区的影响依旧,民生的改善也并不如人们期待的那样快。

北约军人在“另一个世界”

特朗普8月21日刚宣布对阿富汗的新战略,29日美驻喀布尔使馆附近就发生爆炸。31日,美国防长马蒂斯表示已签署美军向阿富汗增兵的命令,预计本周增兵细节将正式公布。按照美国国防部30日公布的数据,目前驻阿美军约为1.1万人,远多于媒体通常报道的8400人这一数字。如果加上外界猜测的再增加4000名士兵到阿富汗反恐和提供军事培训,就意味着今后将有1.5万美军部署在人口3270万的阿富汗。

《每日瞭望报》《喀布尔时报》等阿富汗英文媒体普遍认为,美国的新战略对阿富汗来说“是最后的机会”,希望阿富汗政府也做出调整,“只有认真对待反恐战争,才能从美国的支持中受益”。阿富汗总统加尼和首席执行官阿卜杜拉发表讲话,对新战略表示欢迎。加尼还警告塔利班“不要想着武力推翻政府”,要趁此机会加入到阿和平进程中来。阿著名政治评论员穆支达则担心,美国的新战略会给阿带来新动乱。《环球时报》记者在喀布尔街头采访几名民众,他们大多出于民族自豪感,认为美军应全部撤出阿富汗。22岁的大学生比拉勒说,相信阿安全部队有能力保卫国家,美军应撤出。但私下里,一个28岁的水果店店主坦言,美军的存在是一种威慑,最起码可以确保阿富汗不会再次落入塔利班手中。35岁的商贩阿洪扎说,安全形势已然如此,美军撤不撤、增不增兵都一样。这让记者想起这样一个画面——8月25日一起清真寺恐袭发生后,一个阿富汗妇女获救时情绪激动地大喊:“加尼下台!美国人去死!”

按照北约秘书长斯托尔滕贝格6月底透露的数字,目前共有39个北约及非北约国家参加“支援阿富汗任务”,在阿驻军人数超过1.3万。有意思的是,在喀布尔街上,很少能看到西方面孔。自2014年底北约将防务工作移交给阿安全部队后,喀布尔驻防已全部由阿方部队接管,外国部队巡逻和安检的场景日渐减少。《环球时报》记者参观过联合国在喀布尔东部的一座营地,经过层层安检进入营地后仿佛来到另一个世界,里面理发店、商店、游泳池、酒吧应有尽有。在阿富汗的美军以及北约军队除执行任务外,其余时间也都在各自的营地里,基本做到自给自足。但阿富汗的商人还是神通广大,在一家不起眼的军品店,居然可以淘到夜视仪、望远镜等货真价实的美军装备。

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