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天灾更是人祸——休斯敦洪灾的城市发展反思

2017-09-03 17:05:51   新华网

新华社华盛顿9月3日电 (国际观察)天灾更是人祸——休斯敦洪灾的城市发展反思

新华社记者金旼旼 高攀

飓风“哈维”8月下旬登陆美国南部得克萨斯州沿海地区,令位于该州的美国第四大城市休斯敦成为一片泽国。如今飓风虽已过,但水患仍未退。

美国观察者意识到,这场造成数十人死亡、至少数百亿美元财产损失的严重城市内涝并非单纯天灾,更有人祸因素。自由放任的经济政策和理念正是酿成这一惨祸的深层根源。

  水患困扰的繁荣之城

休斯敦建城伊始,洪水梦魇就挥之不去。1836年,一对来自纽约的地产商兄弟在墨西哥湾西北、布法罗河畔买下27平方公里土地,开始建设一座新城,这便是休斯敦的起源。在建市的头一个世纪里,休斯敦便发生了16场大洪水。为应对洪水,这座城市在20世纪持续修筑了数千公里的排洪管道和两座巨大水库,希望“人定胜天”。

但飓风和洪水带来的灾害却并未停止袭击这座城市。21世纪以来较为严重的水灾就有2001年的热带风暴“艾利森”、2015年的阵亡将士纪念日洪水和2016年的收税日洪水。而今年的飓风“哈维”又为休斯敦的水灾历史添加了新的一笔。

不过,水患却并没有阻止休斯敦的城市发展。据美国人口普查局调查,在过去9年中,休斯敦所在的哈里斯县连续8年都是美国人口增长最快的县。2016年,这个人口已达460万的县平均每天仍新增155名居民。

作为美国的能源中心、医疗中心、宇航中心和一座有145种语言被使用的国际化都市,休斯敦自称是“没有边界的城市”,这句口号甚至是这座城市官网的域名。

然而一般人很难想到,人口的不断增长和水灾的不断发生,正是休斯敦城市发展的一体两面。

  鲜有管制的房地产乐土

人口源源不断流入,休斯敦魅力何在?相对低廉的房价是一个重要原因。低房价是因为城市面积的不断扩张,而城市之所以能不断扩张则是因为规划和监管宽松。

休斯敦是全美唯一一座没有城市分区法的城市,这座城市的居民曾5次投票拒绝引入这一法律。没有分区法意味着休斯敦的建设没有统一的发展规划,城市没有商业、住宅、工业和绿地的基本功能划分。而分区法难产,是因为土地所有者和开发商均希望最大化地获取利润。

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