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“神人”膜拜折射印度深层社会心理

2017-08-29 09:36:34   新华网

据外媒报道,印度中央调查局特别法庭昨日下午对宗教组织头目——“大师”米特·拉姆·拉希姆·辛格量刑宣判,认为辛格被控强奸罪成立,判处其20年有期徒刑。据悉,为防止骚乱再起,哈里亚纳邦和旁遮普邦等地大批防暴警察高度戒备。

在印度电影《我的个神啊》中,外界已窥见印度社会膜拜“大师”的疯狂。为什么辛格这样的“大师”在印度如此受追捧?

信徒眼中的“神人”

英国广播公司(BBC)驻印度记者比斯瓦斯称,长期以来,印度社会需要某种领袖的存在。印度人曾痴迷风靡全球的“灵修”大师玛哈礼师·马赫什·优济,就连披头士乐队都在上世纪60年代到印度找他寻求精神拯救。对大众来说,无论贫富,都有他们崇拜的大师或领袖。这些“大师”各有所长,例如印度最著名的女性“大师”玛塔·阿玛里坦达玛依,她通过拥抱他人作为一种祝福和治疗。

当迷信的政客向他们寻求建议和捞取信徒选票时,他们的影响力就在发挥作用。印度前总理英迪拉·甘地就经常去咨询瑜伽大师迪伦德拉·婆罗马恰里。

许多“大师”也是成功的企业家,拥有庞大的商业帝国。他们开办学校、大学和医院。“大师”们同样信奉“企业社会责任”,他们为干旱的村庄提供饮用水,为囚犯和吸毒者开设康复项目,组织献血,为贫困儿童开办学校。

对传统政治和宗教失望

然而另一方面,被称为“神人”的“古鲁”(“宗教领袖”)也经常被指控谋杀、性侵、贩卖人口、性虐待和欺诈。尽管如此,这些“大师”仍然深受忠实信徒的欢迎。

在社会学家看来,这背后还有一些深层的社会心理因素。

首先,在一个快速城市化的国家里,充斥着野心、挫败感和困惑,对怀有不确定感的大众来说,“大师”们就像安慰剂。其次,大多数印度人相信法术、奇迹和信仰的治愈效果。社会学家古普塔说,印度教比其他宗教更依赖于法术,因为印度教没有书和团契来使信众交流。第三,印度社会学家希夫认为,人们追捧像辛格这样的“大师”,也是因为他们对主流政治和宗教感到无比失望。他们觉得在这个日益不平等的世界里,政治家和神职人员辜负了他们的期望,为此,他们不得不求助于非传统宗教的领袖和巫师。

比斯瓦斯认为,“大师”及其宗教团体的崛起也告诉世人,印度的分裂和等级划分是多么严重,正是一个分裂的社会才造就这样的“大师”。辛格的绝大部分信徒都是社会地位低下、低种姓的贫民,但他的核心信众群体也包括受过高等教育的专业人士。(记者 廖勤)

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