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究竟是什么杀死了美国人的婚姻

2017-08-26 09:40:59   新华网

日前,一份被曝光的中国大城市“相亲价目表”令人咋舌,身价成了婚姻砝码,爱情似乎已无足轻重。其实,在美国,感情也会让位于经济考量。

弗吉尼亚联邦大学社会学助理教授Victor Tan Chen近日在《大西洋月刊》上撰写了题为《美国,交易型婚姻之乡》的文章,该文指出,由于制造业岗位流失及社会保障网相对薄弱,对美国低学历低收入的“双低”群体来说,失业已成婚恋关系的“毒药”。一旦伴侣工作不稳定或丢饭碗,他们会很现实地从经济角度看待与伴侣的关系,最终选择分手或离婚。文章编译如下:

更多“双低”人群不婚

过去数十年来,美国人的结婚比例在显著下降。若从人口统计学角度看,一个更新的变化是,引领远离传统婚姻潮流的是没有大学学历的人——在几十年前,同样到30岁年纪,他们却比大学毕业生更有可能结婚。

如今,在40岁出头、高中学历或者受教育程度更低的女性中,结婚的比例仅超过一半。相比之下,在大学学历的女性中,这一比例为四分之三。若在上世纪70年代,几乎是截然不同的情况。

数十年来,男性的婚姻落差变化相对女性较小,但是也呈现类似趋势:拥有高中学历或更少教育的男性未婚比例达25%,而获大学学历的男性未婚比例为23%,更高学历的仅14%。与此同时,在受教育程度低的群体中,离婚率继续攀高,而大学毕业生的婚姻却越来越稳定。

在生育问题上,分化也日益明显。比如,在10个拥有大学学历的女性中,一般只有一人会非婚生育。而在10个高中学历的女性中,这个数字达到6人。最近几十年,在受教育程度较低的母亲中,这类非婚生婴儿的比例急剧上升,而在女大学生群体中几乎没有变化。

为什么在低学历人群、工人阶层中,愿意接受传统婚姻安排的越来越少?一些人倾向于解释为低学历者的文化价值观发生了变化。但是,造成这些变化的核心因素却是:对那些低学历者来说,找不到好工作,让他们在维持一段婚姻关系方面变得更加困难。

另外一个更重要的原因是,美国相对薄弱的社会安全保障网也使失业者付出的代价比其他工业化国家的失业者更高。当伴侣失业时,是否需要继续保持婚姻关系?许多美国人在做决定前会更多考虑交易性的经济条件。这不仅仅是出于对失去工作的经济后果的担忧,在一个高度重视个人成就的国家,情绪和精神心理上的后果也不得不考虑在内。即便是涉及爱情和生活方式之类私人问题,经济状况、就业机会等与社会结构相关的层面都关系重大。

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