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机器人产业的军方背景

2017-08-26 05:10:56   光明网

  【揭秘】

光明日报驻特拉维夫记者 王水平

众所周知,世界上很多先进的技术最初都来源于军队。美国如此,以色列也一样。有人甚至说,以色列的军队是世界上最好的孵化器。在以色列这个人口只有800多万的国家里,创业公司比比皆是。不但多数创业者都曾在军中服役,很多创业项目也都源自他们在军队中的经历,技术密集型的机器人产业更是如此。

以色列全自动驾驶军车“边境守护者” 资料图片

General Robotics公司由一群退役的以色列国防军军官所创办,其机器人产品主要用于反恐、防爆等领域,其机器人外形像一辆小号的坦克,两侧有履带,但非常轻便,单人就可以将其提起。在发生恐怖袭击时,比如有恐怖分子躲藏在建筑物内,“反恐坦克”就派上了用场,会驶入建筑物内,可上下楼梯,然后用安装在顶部的摄像头,将实时画面传送到后方。“反恐坦克”的信号穿透力极强,即便隔着两堵水泥墙,也能将信号发送回来。

以色列理工学院的生物机器人学和生物力学实验室的仿生专家开发了一种六英尺长的蛇形机器人Snakebot(也叫作机器蛇)。它的仿生结构和智能化控制软件使其能尽量模仿蛇的自然移动,如贴地蠕动、滚动以及S形行进,较之靠轮式或履带式驱动的机器人,更具隐身功能。Snakebot配备了激光雷达相机,能360度扫描周围环境来确定其到每个反射面的距离,形成一个“点群”读数,软件将这些点连接起来并将其转变成周围环境的三维模型,借助这个模型,Snakebot就能判定一个威胁的视线范围,绕过危险区域,寻找并爬向藏匿点。而一组由四个定向麦克风组成的设备,能让Snakebot探测到接近的人,通过对比声音抵达每个麦克风的时间,就能计算出危险所处的位置、方向和速度,并使用这些数据来确定是否需要立即隐匿自身。Snakebot可以潜入污水管道,或在地面下方甬道中爬行,需要时也可以盘起或直立身子,以得到更好的视野,甚至能够脱落一段躯体,以降低爬行噪音,或者留置在某个附件上。

以色列军方称,该国是世界上第一个正式部署人工智能自动驾驶军车的国家。2016年8月,以色列军方首次向国内外媒体承认,已于7月中旬起在与巴勒斯坦加沙地区交界的地方实战部署全自动驾驶军车。这款名为“边境守护者”的军车搭载全自动驾驶系统,具备躲避障碍物的功能,捕捉到的数据可以通过陆海空军有人或无人系统实现实时共享。今后,以色列还将向与黎巴嫩、叙利亚、约旦、埃及等周边阿拉伯国家接壤的地区依次部署搭载机枪等武器的自动驾驶军车,并寻求创立士兵与机器人车辆混合作战部队。目前军车上的武器需要通过远程操作,但制造企业称,“技术上已经可以实现武器的自动化”。

与在市区行驶的民用领域不同,军用自动驾驶设想的是非路面的越野行驶,这就要求多样化地应对障碍物、炸弹等情况,因此存在着很多特殊课题。美军在2011年陆地无人系统计划中,提出了“全自动化”的最终目标,但未能部署。即便是在民用自动化领域,实现自动驾驶也殊为不易,根据计划,日本政府在举办东京奥运会的2020年左右,才能实现准自动(必要时由人类驾驶)车辆的实用化,2025年实现全自动车辆的市场化。美国福特汽车公司则计划在2021年之前实现乘用车全自动行驶技术的实用化。这也从一个侧面显现出以色列在人工智能自动驾驶领域技术的先进性。

《光明日报》( 2017年08月26日 08版)

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