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新华社北京8月18日电 美国一项新研究说,北美洲西部一些超级火山遗迹可能蕴藏大量锂矿。目前锂被广泛用于锂离子电池等产业中,这项发现可能影响全球供应格局。
美国斯坦福大学一个研究小组在英国《自然·通讯》杂志上报告说,他们分析了多种地质构造环境下火山岩浆里的锂含量,发现北美洲西部富含长石和石英的长英质地壳有利于产生富含锂的岩浆。火山爆发喷出的岩浆冷却形成岩石,在风化侵蚀作用下释放出锂元素,积累形成锂粘土矿。
超级火山是规模极大的火山,能喷发出几百甚至几千立方千米的岩浆,比普通火山多出上万倍。它们会形成较大的塌陷型火山口,这些区域容易形成火山湖,是理想的锂元素沉积区。
美国最大的锂矿之一——内华达州“国王谷”锂矿就是一处超级火山遗迹。这座火山于1650万年前至1550万年前之间喷发。研究人员从这处锂矿提取岩石样本,寻找其中名为“熔融包裹体”的微气泡,并与来自美国其他地区、欧洲和南美洲多处火山遗迹的样本进行对比。
熔融包裹体里封存着原始岩浆的残留物,从中可以得知火山爆发时岩浆中的锂含量。分析表明,不同类型的岩浆中锂含量差异很大,北美洲西部等地的长英质地壳产生的岩浆是较好的锂来源。
锂广泛应用于能源和高端制造产业,便携电子设备大多采用锂离子电池,这使一些国家将锂视为稀缺战略资源。目前全球锂矿主要由澳大利亚和智利生产,这项新发现有可能影响供应格局,降低美国对外来锂矿的依赖。
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