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美俄如何在理性与非理性中“斗法”

2017-08-07 09:35:36   新华网

近日,美国总统特朗普签署法案,批准了美国国会对俄罗斯、伊朗和朝鲜发起新制裁。俄美关系当下之种种怪现状,在很大程度上是这组大国关系被深深嵌入美国国内政治结构的外溢产物。

特朗普:“理性”的非理性抉择

与冷战结束、苏联解体以来俄美关系的起起伏伏相比,特朗普当选以来的俄美互动的动力不再更多体现为外生因素。

此前的24年中,莫斯科与华盛顿的关系亲疏在多数情况下主要是受彼此对国际和地区治理问题的博弈影响。但此次被美国学者形容为“降至阴沟并有可能进入下水道”的俄美关系,并不在于双方在国际或地区问题上产生深刻分歧,而在于美国国内建制派与反建制派的精英分裂以及更为严重的社会和大众的二元化分裂。在一个后真相的时代,特朗普本人及其团队到底在多大程度上与俄罗斯里外相通已经不重要了。更为重要的是,美国精英和大众中普遍存在且在近期越发明显的反俄、排俄主义已经生成了一种渐趋固化的地缘政治想象,即俄罗斯在一定程度上操纵了美国大选,而特朗普任何旨在改善甚至只是正常化对俄关系的举动都会损害美国的战略利益。

换而言之,如果特朗普不能在对俄政策上显示出足够的硬度,美国国会两党议员会自动将这种暧昧姿态视为通俄的证据。因此,特朗普终于低下了他高高昂起的头,不得不选择了低调批准国会制裁案。但这种看起来理性的选择很可能给他带来更多的挑战,因此,这一抉择反而凸显出非理性的特征。

普京:“非理性”的理性应对

有意思的是俄罗斯的应对,其背后的理性与非理性因素与特朗普理性的非理性批准恰恰构成了对照。

在应对美国国会制裁法案问题上,俄罗斯政府各级官员及作为整体的俄罗斯官僚阶层所表现出的同仇敌忾,显然是一种与美国反俄主义共生的俄罗斯反美主义情绪化的表征。

然而,这种看起来的非理性恰恰是最大的理性选择。一方面,对2016年与俄只有区区200亿美元贸易额的美国而言,制裁加码也不会导致俄罗斯有多大的损失。同时,美国国会将北溪-2号天然气管道作为制裁目标,已经引起了欧盟的强烈反弹。

另一方面,美国的新制裁至少会有利于克里姆林宫布局2018年的总统大选,普京当局完全可以再次祭出外敌牌,最大限度地动员爱国主义选民。借力打力、用一种情绪化的表达和更多具有象征意义的反制行动,来换取在欧美间打进楔子和在国内政治中获得更多支持、更高威望,无疑是足够理性的。

总之,俄美关系在特朗普时期已经具备了全新的内部结构。特朗普最终迫于两党压力签署了制裁案,但又没有能够用更强硬的理性选择来自证清白,最终结果必然是既得罪了俄罗斯,又让美国内的反对势力有了新的口实。相较而言,俄罗斯尽管处于被动方,但仍借助于清醒的战略判断,用非理性的形式追求理性的最大化利益,反倒是在一定程度上把坏事变成了好事。无论如何,俄美关系短期内都失去了好转的空间。(杨成 作者系上海外国语大学国际关系与公共事务学院教授)

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