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科普:蝎子蜇伤为什么那么疼

2017-08-06 10:08:19   新华网

新华社华盛顿8月5日电(记者林小春)蝎子蜇伤为什么那么疼?中美研究人员发现,蝎子的毒液中居然包括一套“分子组合拳”,让伤者“如同品尝红辣椒一般产生快速并且剧烈的痛觉反应”。

这项研究由中国科学院昆明动物研究所教授赖仞、杨仕隆博士和美国加利福尼亚大学戴维斯分校教授郑劼、中国浙江大学教授杨帆等人合作完成。论文发表在新一期美国《科学进展》杂志上。

杨仕隆告诉新华社记者,蝎子蜇人时仅需要极为少量的毒液,便可带来难以忍受的剧烈疼痛,但其分子机制长期以来一直不为人知,科学界甚至不清楚蝎毒作用于哪一个疼痛感受器。为此,他们通过尝试敲除多个疼痛感受器,首先发现辣椒素受体TRPV1是蝎毒引发疼痛的主要靶点,这种受体是人体用于感受热和辛辣的蛋白,敲除它能够大大减轻伤者的痛感。

与大多数动物毒液一样,蝎毒是一种弱酸性物质,里面存在氢离子。这种弱酸性环境是否具有重要的生物学功能和进化意义呢?最新研究发现,在弱酸性环境下,蝎毒激活TRPV1的效率比在中性环境下要强2到3个数量级,从而诱导剧烈疼痛。

杨仕隆解释说,在弱酸性环境中,氢离子预先将TRPV1活化,使其处在一种特殊的待激活状态。蝎毒中存在一种名为BmP01的神经毒素多肽,当TRPV1在上述状态下遇到这种多肽,就可以非常轻松地被激活。

研究人员由此得出结论,蝎子蜇伤产生剧烈疼痛的过程,依赖于一套“分子组合拳”机制。“氢离子是第一拳,让TRPV1活化;蝎子毒素BmP01是第二拳,使TRPV1激活。”

“我们揭示了自然界的一个进化之谜,”杨仕隆说,“以蝎子毒液为例,酸性环境大大优化了产毒动物毒液的功能,这是人们之前从未认识到的。揭示这个机制为临床上对蝎子蜇伤的认识和治疗提供了重要的理论基础,并为镇痛药物的研发提供了靶点。”

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