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原标题:欧洲一体化为何受阻
《人民日报》(2016年12月25日05版)
欧洲曾以成功的一体化引起世人瞩目。但近年来,欧洲一体化进程放慢了脚步。欧洲许多国家内部出现了反一体化的浪潮,民粹主义兴起,难民问题和恐怖主义给各国政府带来巨大压力,欧洲离心力越来越强。这些现象是怎么发生的?怎样看待这些现象背后的原因?本期观察版约请相关专家学者进行探讨。
欧洲内部分化在持续
孙壮志
本世纪之初,欧盟曾以一体化的成功和多轮东扩,给世人以重回国际舞台中央的印象。但这种短暂的高歌猛进并没有带来持久繁荣,地缘政治的挤压让欧洲不停地扮演美国小兄弟的角色。乌克兰危机让欧洲再一次感觉到冷战阴影,来自西亚和北非难民的冲击以及恐怖主义的挑衅让欧盟的软弱无力和内部不和进一步凸显。然而,欧洲的变动局面似乎还在加剧,从英国脱欧公投开始,到意大利宪法公投失败,再到德国选择党、奥地利自由党、意大利五星运动、法国国民阵线崛起。放眼欧洲,很多国家民粹主义兴起、社会对立加剧。欧洲为什么越来越分化了?
经济发展不均衡
欧洲社会发展到今天,之所以内部分化,与国际环境和其频繁对外干涉有直接关系。近些年来,欧盟追随美国,出台了各种各样的“援助计划”,力图强化自己的地缘战略地位。欧洲先后插手叙利亚、利比亚、乌克兰等热点区域,与俄罗斯正面对抗,过分透支了财力物力。这种损人不利己的政策,不但没能解决自身危机,反而造成新的动荡,并进而影响到欧洲国家内部的团结。
今日欧洲面临的问题是多层次的。首先,国家间的发展拉开距离,“老欧洲”和“新欧洲”的裂痕难以真正弥合;其次,多元文化和主流意识相互排斥,外来移民难以被社会主流所接纳;最后,经济增长乏力使社会矛盾更加突出,债务危机成了挥之难去的宿疾。欧盟曾经在一体化潮流中独领风骚,但同时也暗流涌动。德国经济一度一枝独秀,与其他许多欧洲国家深陷泥沼形成鲜明对照。资源向德国等欧洲大国的整合和集中,让欧盟内部穷国、富国之间的马太效应愈演愈烈。希腊民众选择左翼激进的政治力量,立足点就是拒绝还债。
从摇篮到坟墓的福利制度随着欧洲社会老龄化时代到来,变得入不敷出、难以为继。传统政党为了赢得选举,搞寅吃卯粮的“派糖政治”,也加剧了财政危机。当高福利、高收入、高就业变成高赤字、高逆差、高失业,社会稳定的基石就发生了动摇。政治精英越来越脱离民众,全民选举、议会政治成为少数人的游戏,并成为几个政党的固定演出,社会问题迟迟无法解决,普通民众对精英阶层和传统体制积累了越来越多的不满。
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