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俄罗斯将重启“核幽灵列车” 比核潜艇更难发现

2016-11-12 11:03:47   环球时报

原标题:俄罗斯将重启“核幽灵列车” 比核潜艇更难发现

[环球网军事11月12日报道] 据俄罗斯《晨报》网站11月7日报道称,俄罗斯战略火箭军将重新启用独一无二的作战“隐形列车”——“巴尔古津”铁路导弹作战系统,列车上装备的弹道导弹发射装置无法被卫星辨认。根据消息人士透露的信息和国防部发布的官方声明,今年11月至12月将测试从列车上冷发射“亚尔斯”导弹。为保护列车免遭弹道导弹主发动机气流影响,苏联的设计人员研发出了特殊的冷发射方式。全球再无其他核弹列车,就连美国也在上世纪60年代因项目造价过高而被迫放弃。末日列车的主要优势在于,无法被卫星和雷达系统识别。简单讲就是,在汪洋大海中发现一艘核潜艇要比在行驶于铁路线上的数千列列车中发现一列“普通的”作战列车更容易。

与井基和公路机动发射的导弹相比,铁路导弹作战系统具备明显优势。幽灵列车非常难以辨认。新型铁路导弹作战系统可携带6枚射程可达11000公里的导弹。

一列其貌不扬、设有冷藏车厢的列车就停在俄罗斯成千上万条铁路线当中。其中的一个车厢顶棚移向一边,导弹装置向上升起。导弹要发射到太空并击中另一个大洲的目标,需使用大功率的主发动机。在一般发射中,发动机会点燃车厢、破坏列车并有可能对操作人员造成伤害。为解决这个问题,固体燃料导弹的传奇设计者弗拉基米尔·乌特金想出了一个独一无二的结构。首先,通过弹射筒将导弹弹射到列车上方30米至40米的高度,导弹“尾部”偏离列车方向,这时再启动主发动机。在这个高度位置,由于主发动机的气流走向偏离列车,所以不会对列车造成破坏。“巴尔古津”新式核弹列车改变了伪装冷藏车厢的外观和结构,使其与标准的冷藏车厢无异,即使经验丰富的铁路工人也难以区分。这些变化可能也会影响导弹的冷发射装置。所以,将对这些结构性变化进行测试。

2016年5月,莫斯科热工研究所陆基导弹系统总设计师尤里·所罗门诺夫表示:“我们计划年内完成‘投掷’试验,发射保证能在今年第四季度完成。”

专家指出,发射装置的参数已经计算过,并安装了带有辅助系统的指挥装置。之前的版本会因牵引力过大而暴露——不是1辆,而是2至3辆内燃机车牵引;而现在,只保留了一辆大功率的。近年来,导航系统的发展也缩短了瞄准目标的时间。尽管RS-24“亚尔斯”弹道导弹携带的核弹头从10枚减为4枚,但它的打击精度提高,得益于导弹减重。列车的总重对于铁轨来说也不再难以承受,且即将符合货运列车的标准。旧版列车的设计,只有列车供电网输电系统和冷发射装置保留下来。

俄战略火箭兵司令谢尔盖·卡拉卡耶夫表示,“在重新启用铁路导弹作战系统时,会考虑作战导弹领域所有最新的研究成果。‘巴尔古津’系统的精度、导弹射程等特性都超越了之前的版本,这使该系统在未来相当长的一段时间内,至少2040年前,能在俄战略火箭兵服役。所以,战略火箭兵将在井基、公路机动和铁路三种发射方式的导弹系统基础上重整旗鼓”。

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