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民众大规模集会反对部署萨德 朴槿惠陷战略迷途

2016-07-23 11:02:07   中国青年报

在韩国部署“萨德”成为“新冷战”爆发的重要标志,韩国国内却因“萨德”正在展开“热战”。韩国各地抗议此起彼伏,“萨德”的落户地庆尚北道星州郡更是“以死抗争”,郡守等人带头写血书。韩国总理黄教安、国防部长韩民求7月15日在星州郡被愤怒的民众扔鸡蛋和水瓶,专车被围困6小时,为韩国史上首次。两千余名星州郡百姓7月21日在首尔火车站广场进行大规模集会反对部署“萨德”。

韩国现政府为何罔顾国内民众的抗议和中俄的坚决反对,执意让“萨德”落户韩国呢?主要的原因是朴槿惠总统陷入了战略迷途,她可能以为在韩部署“萨德”会利大于弊。朴槿惠政府发生战略误判,或许与以下几个因素相关:

其一,来自美国的压力。朴槿惠上台以后在半岛问题上的立场几乎同美国保持完全一致,在韩日关系方面也屈服于美国的压力,被认为在政府层面了却了“慰安妇”问题历史悬案。在对华外交上,朴槿惠政府以前并不完全听从美国的意见,如韩国加入亚投行和参加“9·3”大阅兵等,但在“萨德”问题上却屈服于美国的压力,为了美国“亚太再平衡”战略不惜伤害中俄。

其二,出于国内政治利益的需要。由于韩国执政党新国家党在国会中期选举中未获半数席位,朴槿惠面临着朝小野大的执政压力,韩国国内舆论对朴槿惠的意见和指责很多,导致她的政治掌控力下降,她幻想通过部署“萨德”来挽回保守派和舆论的支持,摆脱政治困境。当然,这不仅不会达到目的,而且还会带来新的更大的难题。

其三,韩国政府错误判断此举不会对中韩关系特别是双边经贸关系造成伤害。据《环球时报》7月20日报道,韩国总理黄教安19日接受国会咨询时表示,中韩关系已经“高度密切”,中国现在无法对韩国实施经济制裁。韩国外交部长官尹炳世称,中国政府方面并未说将对韩国实施经济制裁,也没有发表暗示有这种可能性的言论。这可能是韩国敢于挑衅中国战略利益的重要原因之一。

其四,以为选择一个对中国不利的时机公布部署“萨德”的决定,使中国无暇顾及,韩国就能平安无事。韩美在时机的选择上也费了一番苦心,7月8日韩美共同宣布决定在韩部署“萨德”,离备受关注的公布南海仲裁案的结果只有5天时间,又在南海仲裁案刚刚公布的次日即13日,迅速对外发布了部署“萨德”的确切地点。其目的是使中国腹背受敌,首尾不相顾,减轻对韩国的压力。犹如背后捅刀,可谓用意阴险。

笔者认为,韩国引进部署“萨德”的行为,实为引火烧身,也是在战略上的自杀行为,其最终结局很可能是“机关算尽太聪明,反误了卿卿性命”,必将成为韩国命运的转折点。

首先,从地缘政治角度来看,作为半岛国家,韩国应该尽可能避免成为大陆势力与海洋势力的冲突之地,而应该成为大陆与海洋交流合作的桥梁,这才是生存和发展之道。在1894年甲午战争到1945年二战结束长达半个世纪的时间里,朝鲜半岛由于沦为大陆势力与海洋势力碰撞和较量的场所,直接导致被日本殖民统治几十年并造成国土长久分裂。历史早已证明,如果大陆势力与海洋势力在半岛发生碰撞和交锋,最先受害者和最大的受害者都是韩国自己。

韩国现政府似乎忘记了历史的教训和伤痛,引进部署“萨德”就意味着会直接引起美国与中国(还包括俄罗斯等)的战略对峙和冲突,中国国家领导人和政府多次强调,在韩部署“萨德”会打破地区的战略平衡并表示坚决反对,俄罗斯也持相同的立场。韩国应该明白,地区战略平衡一旦被打破,就会成为多事之地和多事之秋,矛盾和冲突在所难免,韩国会首当其冲,韩国的命运也必然会发生转折性的改变。

其次,从中韩关系角度来看,尽管中国政府非常重视和珍惜中韩关系发展的成果,但不会迁就韩国政府严重损害中国国家战略利益的行为。由于韩国经济严重依赖中国,假如中韩关系恶化,势必对韩国经济社会造成重创。中国外长王毅7月9日在接受记者采访时表示:“我们也希望韩国的朋友们冷静思考,部署‘萨德’系统是否真正有利于韩国的安全,是否真正有利于实现半岛的和平稳定,是否真正有助于解决半岛的核问题。有关方面务必慎重行事,避免铸成大错。”对韩国可谓语重心长,表明中方还是爱护来之不易的中韩关系,希望韩国幡然醒悟,同时也提醒韩国“避免铸成大错”。

事实上,中韩关系正在发生微妙的变化。据凤凰卫视报道,在韩美公布决定部署“萨德”的前后,朴槿惠希望与中国领导人通电话进行说明,遭到拒绝。中国国务院总理李克强7月中旬在访问蒙古国并出席在乌兰巴托召开的第十一届亚欧首脑会议期间会见了不少国家领导人,但没有会见朴槿惠。据朝中社7月11日报道,中朝两国元首习近平和金正恩就《中朝友好合作互助条约》55周年互致贺电。

笔者一年前发表文章认为:“韩国的安全战略绑在美国的战车上,韩国经济却绑在中国列车上,这是一对不可调和的结构性矛盾,在短期内可能相安无事,长期来看,必然会发生冲突。”此预言似乎正在变为现实。中国目前还没有正式反击韩国,是在给韩国余地和机会,希望韩国能够悬崖勒马,立即终止部署“萨德”,退一步就是海阔天空。朴槿惠在7月21日召开的国家安全保障会议上继续强调部署“萨德”的必要性,并表示不会屈服于任何压力。韩国似乎在错误的道路上越走越远,那么,历史悲剧将有可能在韩国重演。

(作者为本栏目特约评论员、浙江大学韩国研究所客座研究员)

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