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儿童二手烟伤害不容忽视 影响身高和智力发育

2018-05-31 08:01:02   新华网

  原标题:儿童二手烟伤害不容忽视

六一儿童节来临,又恰逢第31个“世界无烟日”。儿童二手烟伤害问题引发关注。统计数据显示,青少年在家中和公共场所受二手烟危害的比例分别为43.9%和55.8%,他们的健康正在受到极大侵扰和危害。此前,在国家卫生健康委宣传司主办的青少年控烟活动上,专家呼吁,让孩子们远离烟雾。

  二手烟影响身高和智力发育

二手烟究竟有哪些危害?对此,首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院烟草依赖治疗研究室主任梁立荣介绍,儿童和青少年正处于生长发育期,大脑和身体此时接触烟草中的有害物质危害极大。二手烟中少量的尼古丁也会作用在大脑,通过诱导神经细胞的异常分化和迁移,甚至造成神经细胞死亡,从而引起一系列神经发育异常问题,如多动症等。

二手烟中的有害物质还会直接损伤发育期的肺脏,导致肺功能下降,并诱发哮喘、呼吸道感染等多种呼吸系统疾病。“此外,二手烟还会影响青少年的身高和智力发育。研究发现,父母吸烟的孩子在成年后平均身高和智力均低于父母不吸烟的孩子。”梁立荣强调。

二手烟的有害物质还会留下后患,比如吸烟后残留在衣服、墙壁、地毯、家具甚至头发和皮肤等物体表面和灰尘中的烟雾污染物质,它们可以重新释放至空气中,其中某些化合物可以和环境中的氧化物以及其他化合物反应生成新的污染物,包含氢氰酸、丁烷、甲苯、砷、铅、一氧化碳等10余种高度致癌的化合物。

梁立荣解释,它们如螨虫一样附着在衣物上,在他们和家人接触时,家人会和身上的有害颗粒进行密切的二次接触。仅靠爬行的婴幼儿只能靠触觉和味觉来探索眼前的世界,所以在他们爬过粘满三手烟的物品然后吮吸手指的时候,三手烟会通过手口途径直接吃进胃肠道,或者通过皮肤和呼吸道途径进入孩子体内。

“这些有害物质虽然剂量极小,但对于儿童来说,由于肝脏代谢有毒物质的能力较差,长期接触积累后会对他们的神经系统、呼吸系统、循环系统等造成不小的危害,甚至出现神经中毒的症状,严重影响婴幼儿的智力和身体发育,产生极大危害。”梁立荣说。

  新型尼古丁制品不留心可致命

最新调查数据显示,中国青少年吸烟率达6.9%,尝试吸烟率高达19.9%,控烟专家发现,当前电子烟在青少年中日渐流行。一项对2024例12—18岁的青少年的调查表明,90%以上青少年知晓电子烟,超过1/4者曾使用过电子烟。

梁立荣提醒,对于使用电子烟的父母,也需要特别注意。由于装电子烟液的装置(俗称“烟弹”)小巧精致,儿童会有误吞入的风险。只要摄入几毫升尼古丁亦可致死,而电子烟液中的尼古丁含量足以让儿童致命。因此,成人使用电子烟要警惕儿童误食“烟弹”所带来的严重后果。

梁立荣表示,与传统卷烟相比,虽然电子烟中对人体健康明确有害的物质如丙烯醛、二甘醇、丙二醇和镉等含量明显低于传统卷烟,但这些有害物质的浓度水平仍高于国际公认的对健康无影响的界值水平。青少年身体正处于生长发育过程中,即使接触电子烟中少量的有害物质仍可能产生危害影响。此外,由于电子烟中含有成瘾性物质尼古丁,一些青少年可能会因使用电子烟转为对传统卷烟依赖,造成吸烟成瘾。(记者 付丽丽)

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