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青海植绿三江源全力筑牢国家生态安全屏障

2018-05-29 15:06:07   新华网

新华社西宁5月29日电 题:青海植绿三江源全力筑牢国家生态安全屏障

新华社记者李亚光

5月底的西宁北山,树木丛生、满目苍翠。正值海棠花开时节,微风一来,阵阵馨香。在林间树下铺开毯子,李双奎哼着青海花儿,不时喝几口茯茶,美在心里,笑在脸上。

“这样的光景终于盼来了。”今年73岁的李双奎告诉记者,昔日的青海省西宁市“山上不长草,风吹石头跑,下雨泥水淌”,在秃山上种树,是不少“老西宁”一辈子的愿望。

然而,在气候多变、干旱寒冷的青藏高原,种活树谈何容易。1951年起,青海一度尝试在西宁南北两山造林,但因技术资金缺乏,树木成活率很低。1978年,青海部分地区被纳入国家三北防护林建设,不少专家曾赴当地开展技术攻关,但迟迟无法实现科学造林。

树一直难以成活,可老百姓对绿色的呼唤有增无减。当时,当地政府收到大量群众来信,“绿化”“种树”“造林”等词语被反复提及。

转变发生在1989年。当年3月,青海省决定成立南北山绿化指挥部,100多家单位开始包点包片植树,大量技术人员在苗圃旁常住,誓教两山换新颜。

20多年来,数十万人“一茬接着一茬干”,终于让西宁南北两山近20万亩荒山披上绿衣。风沙小了、山洪少了,湿度高了、气候好了。高原人明白,树最知恩图报,人对它的每一点付出都不是徒劳。

高原人还明白,除改善人居环境外,这20万亩人造林的意义非同寻常。青海省是长江、黄河、澜沧江的发源地,被公认为亚洲重要的水源涵养地及生态安全屏障,最大的价值和潜力都在生态。“种树,种更多树”,这是当地践行江源责任的最好方式之一。

2010年,在总结昔日经验、选育优良树种的基础上,青海将目光投向海拔超过3500米、被誉为“树种分布高度极点”的三江源核心地区。在玉树藏族自治州玉树市,不少牧民自发来到植树现场学习观摩,用随身携带的藏式腰刀刨出树坑,小心地栽下树苗;在果洛藏族自治州玛沁县,群众挖开路边绿化带中被填埋已久的弃置树坑,重新播下希望的种子。

不负众望,人们栽下的树苗开始在高海拔地区生根发芽。多年来,干部职工、驻军官兵、农牧区百姓、青年学生齐上阵,青海以每年超过100万亩的规模植绿三江之源,在人类历史上从未分布过树木的部分区域完成造林创举,各地造林成活率均超过70%。

玉树市市民索昂才仁近年连续参加义务植树,闲暇时常会去市文化公园周边的绿地散步。他告诉记者,对于长期渴望树木的高原人来说,这些林子是他们的乐园,也是献给下游的礼物。

青海省发改委副主任李晓南说,历史上由于气候变化和人类活动等因素影响,三江源地区草地、湿地等生态系统一度加速退化,当地出现的水土流失、水量变化等不利情况曾极大增加了中下游水患发生的概率。

“近年来,我们选择在三江源地区裸露的黑土滩及植被稀疏的区域植树,助力当地生态恢复。与草地生态系统相比,这些人造林在空间分布上是立体的,一年四季大部分是常绿的,其涵养水源、保持水土的能力更强,对流域的生态贡献更大。”青海省林业厅造林处处长马广金说。

巨大的生态效益正驱使着青海省进一步自我加压。2017年,青海多方筹措资金、动员力量,当年全省营造林面积首次突破400万亩,为历年平均规模的2.5倍。今年起,青海将继续保持这一造林规模,力争到2020年,全省森林面积达到8072万亩,森林覆盖率超过7.5%。

“我们期望最终把全省的森林覆盖率提高到15%,要完成这一数字,青海所有可供树木生长的地方都要栽活树苗。”马广金说。

为实现这一目标,该省相关专家正在攻克包括灌木引种在内的多种技术。在不远的未来,三江源地区海拔超过4000米的区域及其他环境较为恶劣的地区,也有望得见树木。

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