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我国高性能条纹相机研制成功 捕捉1微秒内的超快现象

2018-05-23 07:46:08   新华网

5月22日,由中科院西安光学与精密机械研究所(以下简称中科院西安光机所)承担的国家重大科研装备研制项目“高性能条纹相机的研制”顺利通过验收,标志着我国具有自主产权的高性能条纹相机进入实用阶段。

  具备同时测量超高时间分辨率与高空间分辨率的唯一高端科学仪器

超快现象(持续时间小于1微秒即百万分之一秒)广泛存在于自然或科学技术研究中。例如,植物的光合作用过程、超大规模集成电路所产生的电脉冲、化学反应的分子动力学过程、生物材料荧光发射、激光器产生的超短激光脉冲、强光与物质相互作用物理过程等,其发生的时间多在皮秒、飞秒甚至阿秒量级范围内。

中科院西安光机所所长赵卫说:“超快现象研究对自然科学、能源、材料、生物、光物理、光化学、激光技术、强光物理、高能物理等研究及技术领域具有重要意义。但是捕捉这种现象,靠人眼和普通相机是不行的。”

中国科学院院士侯洵说:“我们人类眼睛的分辨能力是1/24秒,也就是说,任何变化快于1/24秒的过程,我们眼睛是看不清楚的。事情发生了,眼睛只能看到的是起始的情况和最终的情况,中间的过程是看不清楚的。”

那么,该借助什么仪器来捕捉超快现象呢?答案是高性能条纹相机。

赵卫说:“高性能条纹相机是具备能够同时测量超高时间分辨率(皮秒和飞秒),与高空间分辨率(微米)的唯一高端科学仪器,涉及的仪器和技术已接近物理极限,代表了当前光电诊断技术的最高水平。”

“高性能条纹相机主要是提高了人类的时间分辨能力。”侯洵说,“通俗来说,条纹相机把时间分辨率转换成空间分辨率。举个例子,假如有一队人依次进入一个房间,如果你想弄清楚谁先进来谁后进来,一个办法就是让先进来的人站屋子的一头,后面进来的人依次排在他旁边站队。最后根据空间上他们站的位置,就可以清楚地知道谁先来谁后来。”

侯洵进一步解释,“一束光照射光电阴极,光照在上面时会发出电子,那么,当然先到的光发出的电子也在前面。电子进来之后,我们就可以用电磁场来操纵,就是扫描。电子经过扫描之后,假如第一个来的电子坐在最左边,第二个在它之后,后面依次类推。然后根据它们的空间位置成像,看到图像中的空间位置就可以推断出时间顺序了。”

  可应用于正负电子对撞机等大型装置和航天等领域

条纹相机的应用领域很广。

侯洵说:“在同步辐射装置以及正负电子对撞机等大型装置中,条纹相机可以诊断粒子束团和光束长度等关键性指标,对重大装置的改进和性能进一步提高提供参考依据;在航天领域也有非常大的需求,是一种可以在探测器和目标同时瞬变情况下进行实时成像的系统。”

然而由于条纹相机应用领域的前瞻性和敏感性,一直以来,条纹相机的国际学术研究成果及器件设备的共享性很低。赵卫说:“目前,我们国内对条纹相机的需求量每年大约50台。与其受制于人,不如我们自己努力来研制。”

于是,2012年起,在中国科学院和财政部的策划支持下,中国科学院西安光学与精密机械研究所启动了“高性能条纹相机的研制”项目,针对高性能条纹相机的时间分辨率、动态范围和同步频率三个主要技术指标的提升开始进行攻关。

虽然,在此之前,中科院西安光机所在条纹相机领域已经有50多年的研究历史,有一定的技术积累,但攻关过程仍然十分艰辛。项目团队克服了很多难以想象的困难,最终解决了条纹相机制备过程中存在的各种工艺问题和工程实施难题,在很多关键技术领域取得了系列突破,获得了多项创新性成果,成功研制条纹相机相关大型设备8台套。

目前已实现小批量生产,争取2020年年底走向市场

项目验收会上,专家组认为:项目组完成了飞秒条纹相机、同步扫描条纹相机和大动态范围条纹相机的研制工作,所有指标均达到实施方案规定的考核指标要求,三类条纹相机均已达到实用化,其整体性能达到国际先进水平。部分核心关键技术和工艺难题得以突破,达到国际领先水平。

赵卫说:“项目还促进了两大新领域的发展。一是提出全光固体超快成像技术研制方案,国内首次研制成功同时具有超快时间分辨率、二维超高空间分辨率的全光固体相机,实现了条纹相机技术从真空到固体的跨越式发展,各项指标也达到国际水平。二是基于条纹相机研究团队在电真空器件领域的专业优势,突破了大面积光电增倍管关键技术,为我国中微子探测实验提供了技术保障。”

此外,项目研制期间还建成了设计与仿真平台、电真空器件制备平台、超快电子技术平台、综合测试与分析评估平台,形成了模块化、小批量条纹相机的研制生产能力,并培养了一支高水平的条纹相机专业化研发团队。

中国科学院副院长张涛表示,研制仪器的最终目的是要能用好。“希望项目团队能进一步加强仪器设别的科学应用,促进重大科研成果产出,做好产业化推广,更好地服务国家基础前沿研究。”

赵卫透露:“目前项目已实现了小批量生产,预计到2020年年中,实现条纹相机的规模化生产和销售,达到每年200台,到2020年年底走向市场。”

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