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辽宁新宾探索垃圾资源化利用处理新方式

2018-05-17 08:06:17   新华网

  原标题:辽宁新宾探索垃圾资源化利用处理新方式

  垃圾零填埋 美了村庄护了生态(一线调查)

核心阅读

“山上绿树葱葱,山下垃圾围村”,这曾是全国生态环境建设重点县、辽宁省重点水源涵养地——新宾满族自治县遇到的一个难题。2016年以来,新宾县独辟蹊径,从源头抓分类减量,在全县探索建立“户分类、户处理、不出院、零填埋”的农村垃圾分类及资源化利用处理新模式。

  推行五指分类法,让垃圾变废为宝

“泔水开门泼,垃圾随处扔”曾经是辽宁新宾农村多年来的习惯,然而这种情况却悄然发生了改变。在永陵镇金岗村,街道干净整洁,家家户户门前却找不见垃圾箱的影子,取而代之的是一幅幅伸开的手指——即垃圾“五指分类法”的张贴画。

“剩菜、剩饭等可腐烂垃圾堆肥沤肥;碎草、秸秆等可燃垃圾分解燃烧;饮料瓶、废书等留着卖钱;建筑垃圾用于填坑垫道;废旧电池等自己不能处理的暂存,村里统一处理。”在金岗村,村民曹桂荣介绍起了垃圾处理的新方法。

在下青村村民刘玉敏家的后院,砖块砌成的沤肥池紧挨着菜地:“每天的剩菜剩饭、炉坑剩下的草木灰就倒到这里,来年变成有机肥上到庄稼地里。”在院内的棚子里,一个个饮料瓶和纸箱子被收好扎紧,等待出售,而农药瓶、电池等有害垃圾则被装进一个特制的黄色塑料桶中,由村里统一收集并送到相关部门集中处理。“农药瓶、废电池等有害垃圾还能置换一些生活必需品,只要动手分一分,啥垃圾都有用处。”刘玉敏说。

“以前,冬天大家经常到山上去砍树当柴烧,现在秸秆、玉米芯、能烧的下脚料都用来做饭烧炕,上山砍树的越来越少了。”村民朱天山说。

“据统计测算,我们县农民每人每天产生约0.8公斤垃圾,其中可腐烂的垃圾占55%,包括餐厨废弃物、草木灰等;可燃烧的秸秆、树叶树枝等垃圾占35%;可卖的垃圾占5%,建筑垃圾占3%,有毒有害的占2%。”新宾县环保局局长金毅告诉记者,“这样一来,95%的垃圾都可实现家庭内处理,变废为宝实现资源化利用。”

  改变处理方式,防止垃圾越治越多

“之前房前屋后、沟渠坑塘等空闲地,都堆满了垃圾,虽然有垃圾池、垃圾箱,还有保洁员,却很少清理,往往把垃圾拉到一个地方埋上就完事。”上夹河镇古楼村村民李广珍说。

“为了解决垃圾问题,县里、村里没少想辙。”平顶山镇下青村村支书唐丽娟告诉记者,“由于保洁标准低、管理水平有限,村里搞卫生基本就靠突击检查。检查一结束,很快又恢复原状。”

在新宾,以前农村垃圾处理主要是将垃圾倾倒或掩埋在村外的隐蔽地点,“村容村貌看似整洁,但垃圾却由分散污染转为集聚污染,加之没有防渗消毒等专业处理方式,反而增加了对地下水和土壤的污染。每年县、乡、村三级要投入上千万元,用于增加垃圾车、建填埋场等,对于我们省级贫困县来说,资金投入难以持续。此外,采取短期突击和单一财政投入的方式,也难以持续。”新宾县环保局副局长朱婷婷说。

古楼村村主任谷怀春介绍,2013年村集体花了2万元建了10个垃圾池,同时雇用一个保洁员清理垃圾。“我估算了一下,那时候每天都要往垃圾场运送垃圾3到4车,现在一天的垃圾量不足一车。”

“我们做过调研,不少地方的农村垃圾处理,主要采用村收集、乡转运、县处理的模式。全县181个行政村,至少要购买几十台垃圾转运车,不算燃油、维修等费用就要几百万;每村一个保洁员,全县每年至少投入181万;每个垃圾箱700多元,垃圾池要2000多元……”新宾县人大主任赵连舜说,“长此以往,将陷入垃圾越治越多,财政步步加码,末端处理设施不足的怪圈,最终甚至有可能拖垮县乡财政。”

“原来在村里搞垃圾清理,大多都是党员干部参加,老百姓只看热闹,认为这都是干部的事。”永陵镇副镇长宋秋凤有些无奈。

“这种突击式的处理方式只能解决一时问题。再则,各村的自身条件、经济基础及农民生产生活习惯不同,‘村村一面’的方式无法从根本上解决问题。”赵连舜说。

  调动村民积极性,党员带头提升环保意识

一大早,下青村养牛户李柏玉准备到村头的大田地里放牛。老李一手拿鞭子,一手拿铁锹,媳妇则推着一个小车紧跟在牛群后。“俺们拿铁锹、推车子是怕牛粪弄脏咱村的路。”李柏玉解释道。

“垃圾分类的主体是村民,调动他们的积极性,培养村民自觉分类的习惯非常重要。我们让村民充分认识到垃圾治理的必要性,建立起长效机制。”赵连舜说。

“我们对全村216户实行村干部包片,党员包胡同的包保责任制度,党员干部进村入户,面对面传授、手把手指导。”下青村村支书唐丽娟介绍说。“村民还可结合自家情况,将处理方式进一步改进。”金岗村村委会主任蒋忠良介绍说,“比如,村民把吃剩的饭菜先喂鸡鸭,然后再将禽粪沤肥。建筑垃圾也不用再倒进河里,而是交给村里作填坑垫道的材料。”

南杂木镇转湾子村是果树种植大镇。村民们在房前屋后砌上沤肥池,厨余垃圾、草木灰等可腐烂垃圾不出户就可直接堆沤肥。“村里面不仅不再垃圾遍地,咱这果树也不用化肥了,省了开支,果品质量更是提高了不少。”果农夏秋娟高兴地说。

在古楼村,每个村民都会唱脍炙人口的“垃圾分类减量歌”;在红庙子乡西岔村,评先争优、流动红旗进家门活动让村民踊跃参与;在新宾县的各个农村学校,“小手拉大手”的垃圾分类活动从孩子抓起,间接影响家长,更是取得了良好效果……

如今在新宾,农村生活垃圾分类遵循“两类五分”(即五指分类法),处理模式则为“户分类、户处理,不出院、零填埋”。新宾县还制定了农村垃圾处理的“五有四无”标准,即有堆沤可腐烂垃圾的粪堆、有堆放可燃烧垃圾的堆放处、有堆放可变卖垃圾的堆放处、村旁有林木、村内大街小巷有花草树木,村内无垃圾箱、村内无垃圾池、村内大街小巷庭院及室内无乱堆乱放、村内无卫生死角。

  记者手记

  让群众成为参与者和主力军

在新宾满族自治县,虽然胡同里没有垃圾箱,村里没有垃圾池,路上没有垃圾车,可每户的庭院都干干净净,街道更是整洁漂亮。新宾县用小投入,换来了村容村貌的大变样,解决了“垃圾围村”的尴尬。

目前,垃圾处理和分类的模式不少,然而大多以政府主导的“突击式”集中治理为主,地方财政压力陡增,但收效却并不明显。

新宾县的探索为农村垃圾处理提供了可复制的经验:紧紧抓住“培养群众环保文明意识”这个关键,让群众成为生态文明建设的参与者和主力军,形成了村屯环境治理自我激励、相互监督、自治管理的格局,走上了“少花钱多办事”的垃圾治理之路。(记者 刘洪超)

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