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“白练”变“黑龙”,江河变“草原”--粤东母亲河为何污染20多年难治理?

2018-05-15 19:36:01   新华网

新华社广州5月15日电 题:“白练”变“黑龙”,江河变“草原”--粤东母亲河为何污染20多年难治理?

新华社“新华视点”记者詹奕嘉、马晓澄、周颖

练江是粤东地区的母亲河,曾因河水清澈蜿蜒如一道白练而得名。现在,这条河流却成了“黑龙”,被广东省环保厅定性为“全省污染最严重的河流”。2017年4月,中央第四环保督察组指出:“汕头、揭阳两市长期以来存在等靠要思想,练江治理计划年年落空。”

一年过去了,广东省环保厅日前公布信息显示:今年一季度,练江干流综合污染指数比去年同期上升7.8%,超过三分之二被抽查企业废水排放超标。省定的整治方案依然未能如期推进。

练江治理为何困局难破?

  记者沿江目击:从源头不断变黑变污,水质劣过“劣V类”

练江流经揭阳市下辖县级市普宁市和汕头市潮南区、潮阳区,干流全长71.1公里。“新华视点”记者从练江源头出发,追溯这条河流污染的轨迹。

在练江发源地普宁市白坑湖水库,记者看到,这里水质洁净,不时可见飞鸟在水面上觅食。然而,沿练江干流往下游走几公里,就发现水体因污染而富营养化,到处长满水浮莲。疯长的水浮莲铺江盖河、绵延不绝,远望如同大草原。少数没被水浮莲覆盖的河面,水流缓慢,水体发黄。

潮南区副区长刘燕飞说,虽然有打捞船不停地清理,但打捞的速度远远跟不上水浮莲生长的速度。

在练江流域司马浦、陈店、和平等镇,练江支流河道上生活垃圾随处可见,不少村内河沟水体发出刺鼻气味,住在河流两岸的群众深受其害。到了练江入海口处,水面已呈灰黑色,与一闸之隔的海水形成了鲜明的明暗对比。

练江水到底是什么样的水?以主要污染物氨氮为例,氨氮的V类标准为2mg/L,超过这个数值的水即为劣V类。广东环保部门监测显示,自1998年起,练江水质就一直是劣V类;今年一季度,练江干流氨氮约9mg/L,远超劣V类标准。

  产业之痛:服装印染企业每天排放大量废水

据了解,练江天然水源不足,缺乏自我净化能力,生态环境相当脆弱。但环保部门和当地干部坦承,长达20多年的练江污染并非“天灾”,而是与当地的产业结构密不可分。

潮南与普宁分别被业界称为“内衣之都”和“衬衫之都”,纺织制衣是当地的支柱产业,大街小巷四处可见各种服装广告,印染企业每天产生的大量废水是练江的重要污染源之一。

据了解,练江流域原有数以千计的印染企业,经过多轮关停整治之后,目前仍有200多家。普宁市近年来核减三分之二的印染产能之后,工业废水日排放量仍超过8万吨。

目前,沿练江的印染企业违法排污问题依然严重。广东省环保厅环监局副局长陈晓鹏说,环监局一季度在练江流域组织交叉执法检查,抽查29家企业,竟有21家存在废水超标排放,还有1家私设暗管直接排放印染废水。

因私设暗管偷排被查处的潮阳区谷饶茂兴洗染厂负责人马林灿说:“企业被罚停产三个月,估计损失2000多万元。为了省治污的小钱反吃大亏,教训惨痛。”

生活垃圾未能得到妥善处置,让练江污染雪上加霜。广东省环保厅提供的资料显示,练江流域生活污水处理能力不足、配套管网不完善,污水处理率低导致练江氨氮浓度居高不下。

  部分企业偷排顽疾久治未愈,环保设施建设速度缓慢

汕头和揭阳两市对污染练江的违法行为打击力度不断加大。汕头市去年查处练江流域环境违法行为288宗、立案233宗、移送涉案人员171人。普宁市2017年以来刑事拘留165人、行政拘留15人。

记者采访发现,今年一季度,由于当地降水比去年同期明显偏少,本来就缺乏自净能力的练江更加不堪重负,出现污染反弹。但更令人心忧的是,部分企业侥幸偷排的顽疾久治未愈,产业集聚园区和环保设施建设远远滞后于既定规划。

2015年,广东省制定《练江流域水环境综合整治方案》,提出2020年“除黑臭”“水体恢复农业用水和景观用水功能”的目标。按照整治方案,推动练江流域内纺织印染企业入园集中治污是最关键的举措,要求产业园2017年底“建成投产、50%以上印染企业完成集聚升级改造”。但记者实地走访发现,目前实施进度最快的潮南区,产业园仍在进行基建;最慢的潮阳区,认为之前定的方案选址不适合,目前仍停留在论证和前期工作阶段。

广东省环保厅资料显示,练江流域垃圾焚烧发电厂、污水处理厂及配套管网建成时限一推再推。普宁占陇、潮阳和平、潮南陇田等多个污水处理厂,由于污水收集管网配套不完善,不能正常运行。

普宁市环保局局长杨庆伟说,占陇污水处理厂主体已经完工,但由于管网铺设进度缓慢,无法发挥作用。这样,一边是大投入建设的污水处理厂闲置,一边是一些村居的生活污水依然直排练江支流河道。

长期参与练江治污的生态环境部华南环境科学研究所研究员曾凡棠说:“练江污染欠账这么多,肯定要动大手术,阵痛是必须的。”

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