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央行突然“降准” 紧急“输血”市场1.5万亿元

2017-12-30 02:47:19   中国青年网

太意外!央行突然“降准”了!紧急输血市场1.5万亿元......

没有一点点防备,也没有一丝顾虑,你就这样出现:今天,央行放大招,出手阔绰,市场收获一个万亿元大礼包!央行公告称,为满足春节前商业银行因现金大量投放而产生的临时流动性需求,促进货币市场平稳运行,支持金融机构做好春节前后的各项金融服务,人民银行决定建立“临时准备金动用安排”。业内称之为,“春节限定版降准”。

央行公告称,在现金投放中占比较高的全国性商业银行在春节期间存在临时流动性缺口时,可临时使用不超过两个百分点的法定存款准备金,使用期限为30天。

对此,业内认为,这属于“春节限定版降准”。

时间限定,期限为30天;

机构限定,在现金投放中占比较高的全国性商业银行;

金额限定可临时使用不超过两个百分点的法定存款准备金。

兴业研究在其分析报告中指出,根据央行的表述,临时使用的金额不超过两个百分点的法定存款准备金。由最新的中资全国性大型银行的存款规模推算的资金释放上限可以达到1.5万亿元,数量相当可观。

前述分析报告同时指出,本次临时准备金动用安排的使用对象为“在现金投放中占比较高的全国性商业银行”,与2017年TLF操作对象一致。根据央行在《2017年第三季度货币政策执行报告》中的表述,“中资大型银行成为唯一的资金融出方”。因此,中资大行更有可能成为本次临时准备金动用安排的使用者。

兴业研究同时提出,央行最新推出的“临时准备金动用安排”,与2017春节前夕推出的“临时流动性便利”类似孪生兄弟。两者在操作期限和对象上相差无几,也都不需要质押券进行操作。但是临时准备金动用安排在宣布时点上更靠前,操作利率更低,可释放的流动性规模更大。

央行送出万亿元大礼包:TLF(特辣粉)的升级版?

1、“临时准备金动用安排”,范围扩大至全国性银行,是TLF(特辣粉)的升级版。

2016年春节,为熨平春节大量取现等流动性扰动,据路透等报道,央行曾面向大行开展28天左右的TLF,规模在6000亿左右,无需抵押品,资金成本与28天逆回购同。TLF的特点:操作对象主要针对五大行。央行表示,针对在现金投放中占比高的几家大型商业银行提供临时流动性支持,操作期限28天。

但本次的“临时准备金动用安排”有如下特点:

①范围扩大至全国性银行,即除了传统五大行,股份制银行也在列;

②“临时准备金动用安排”,即商业银行上缴在央行处的准备金可以动用,意味着不需要抵押品,解决了抵押券偏紧和LCR等指标掣肘资金传导等压力;

③动用银行自身存在央行处的准备金,应无需支付额外的资金成本(即0成本),只是这部分准备金取回临时使用后,无法享受1.62%的法定准备金利率(机会成本概念)。因而,无论从操作对象、利率、规模来看,都是TLF(特辣粉)的升级版。

2、范围有效扩大,可有效对冲春节取现等流动性扰动

“临时准备金动用安排”操作对象范围扩大至全国性银行,即除了传统五大行,股份制银行也在列。根据我们的观察,春节全国性银行的取现需求占全部取现需求或高达90%。

对全国性银行开放的“临时准备金动用安排”,可有效缓解机构春节流动性压力,也可有效对冲春节取现等流动性扰动。换个角度,今年春节从央行公开市场操作的角度,其投放流动性压力也明显减轻,有助于稳定市场对资金面的预期。

3、可动用的临时准备金支持规模或高达万亿

从全国性银行存款占比和绝对值来看,我们初步测算,额外临时支取两个百分点的法定存款准备金,其可释放的临时流动性规模可高达2万亿。实际则视银行报备申请的情况,但理论上可临时支取2万亿左右的准备金,且无需抵押券、0资金成本(只有准备金利率部分的机会成本)。

考虑现阶段央行投放的流动性余额已6万亿有余,往年春节仍需额外投放,此举在提供有效流动性支持的同时,避免了抵押券不足的尴尬。

4、不仅规模上有效支撑春节流动性需求,期限上完全跨过春节

根据央行OMO、MLF等操作特点,全国性银行提前跟央行报备申请。理论上元旦过后即可报备申请。不过考虑“使用期限为30天”,且按照结算规则,遇节假日顺延;我们预计实际中,考虑跨春节的资金需求(18年春节为2018/2/16日),银行或在1月10日或稍往后几天开始报备,1月16日或稍往后释放这笔临时准备金,从而使得这部分资金可以有效跨过春节(即实际占用资金因节假日顺延,或可达37天)。从期限上,完全覆盖春节前的取现需求和资金滚动需求。

5、完善准备金制度,货币政策更加精准

2014年以来,我国央行在货币政策层面更加细化,在流动性管理层面也更加精准,如推出定向准备金、MLF、SLF、TLF、SLO等。此次的“临时准备金动用安排”在基本完全对冲春节资金扰动的同时,也进一步完善准备金制度;且充分考虑市场的流动性需求、抵押券情况等。整体来看,不仅有助于全国性银行平稳应对本次春节的流动性需求,中小银行以及非银机构的流动性也更添保障,也有助于稳定甚至提振债市情绪。

今天央行刚刚公布定向降准的政策,但是股市并没有掀起太大的波澜,但是今天指数收阳,终于出现连续两根阳线2017成功站在了3300点之上,亮出一道2018年开门红的曙光。

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