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“神奇”·“神器”·“神匠”――揭秘中国对大洋深处的探寻

2017-12-20 12:41:47   中国青年网

探寻海底神奇,离不开“探海神器”。

从气候适宜的陆地进入高压、黑暗的深海,每一次新发现的背后,都离不开我国自主研发的各式“探海神器”。没有船舶和装备,就无法进入深海、探测深海,只能“望洋兴叹”。

 “神器”一:“深海勇士”伴“蛟龙”。

2012年,我国自主研发的“蛟龙”号载人潜水器海试成功,创造了世界作业类载人潜水器最大下潜深度7062米。“蛟龙”号先后在南海、东太平洋、西南印度洋、马里亚纳海沟等七大海区开展了152次下潜,获得高质量的珍贵地质与生物样品3800多件。

今年10月,4500米级“深海勇士”号载人潜水器海试成功,成为“蛟龙”号的“小兄弟”。“深海勇士”号成功实现潜水器核心关键部件全部国产化,为我国万米级全海深载人作业型潜水器研制奠定了坚实基础。

今年,中国科学院沈阳自动化研究所牵头研制成功6000米级缆控无人深潜器(ROV)和4500米级无缆自治深潜器(AUV)“探索”号。

其中,“探索”号今年7月在南海与“发现”号ROV实现了深海交会拍摄,这也是我国首次实现这两类潜水器交会拍摄。

“神器”二:“诊脉”有“白龙”。

明年我国主要受厄尔尼诺还是拉尼娜影响?南涝北旱还是南旱北涝?……人们关心的这些问题,都与海洋密切相关。我国自主研发的“白龙”浮标就是大海的“诊脉器”,为全球天气和气候预报提供实时数据。

“白龙”浮标是我国自主研制的7000米级深海气候观测系统,目前已在印度洋成功布放了3套。

“白龙”浮标可以观测海表气温、气压、风速风向、相对湿度、雨量、长波和短波辐射等大气要素,还可实时采集海洋表层至深层海水温度、盐度、海流、溶解氧等重要海洋参数。这些数据实时传输回陆地岸站,并同全球共享。

  “神器”三:“无舵”科考船能像“螃蟹”横着走。

进入深海大洋的必备条件就是船。某种程度上,船坚才能“无往不利”。

不仅能适应复杂多变的远洋气候,还能精准操控,我国新一代远洋综合科考船“科学”号就是这样的佼佼者。只要海况在5级风、2节流以下,“科学”号就能在一个精确坐标保持不动,误差不超过2米。

船艏和船艉还装了侧推装置,船能原地360度转圈,驶离码头时还能像“螃蟹”一样横着走。

“科学”号实现了自动化驾驶和无人值守机舱,驾驶室已经没有了舵,取而代之的是各类电子按键。

在“科学”号之后,我国又建造了“向阳红01”和“向阳红03”船,它们在“科学”号的基础上进行优化,被称为“科学”号的“姊妹船”。明年1月,“向阳红01”将与“雪龙”号在南极开展协同科考作业。

探寻深海“神奇”,操作下海“神器”,离不开过硬的技艺。

一群心怀深海科研梦的人,穿梭在各个大洋之间,苦练独家“神技”。他们中,有精益求精的耄耋老人,有青春阳光、逐梦追风的“80后”“90后”。

八旬院士坚守一线掌舵:

今年81岁的中国工程院院士徐芑南,是“蛟龙”号的总设计师。退休6年后,他毅然放弃颐养天年的悠闲生活,带领团队完成了7000米载人潜水器“蛟龙”号的研制工作,使我国步入世界深潜先进国家行列。如今,耄耋老人徐芑南,依然活跃在世界深潜事业的前沿,向着万米深潜的新目标继续进发……

海归英才担纲装备研发:

36岁的张鑫,2009年从美国博士毕业到中国科学院海洋研究所工作。8年间,他带领科研团队研发了包括拉曼光谱仪、深海着陆器、热液/冷泉流体保真取样器等十几件海洋科研装备,不少技术指标国际领先。

“85后”勇担首席科学家:

汪嘉宁是一名“85后”,但却是我国西太平洋潜标观测网的“现场总指挥”。由他担任首席科学家的2016年热带西太平洋综合考察航次,解决了潜标数据实时化传输的世界难题。他还和科考队员一起,刷新了单一航次布放、回收深海潜标观测设备数量最多的世界纪录。

“载人深潜英雄”傅文韬:

3000米、5000米、7000米……驾控着“蛟龙”号,我国首批两名潜航员之一的傅文韬完成了一次次大洋深潜,创造了世界同类型载人潜水器深海下潜的新纪录,获得党中央、国务院授予的“载人深潜英雄”称号。

创造纪录只是起点。在创造了一项项新纪录后,傅文韬作为主驾驶又多次与科学家们一起潜入大洋深处,精细熟稔地操作着“蛟龙”号机械手,为我国深海科考带回珍贵的视频资料、生物及矿石样品。

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