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关注改革最后一公里:家事千千结 法院这样解

2017-12-19 08:11:19   央广网

“离!整天吵吵吵,日子没法过!”日前,广西柳州市民黄某与覃某“闹”进柳州中院。小两口没想到,主审的吴法官竟和他们唠起了家常。

是“唠”,更是“婚姻体检”。“两人是自由恋爱结婚,婚姻中并没有不可调和的重大矛盾,以及家暴等恶劣情节,更多是因生活拮据、缺乏沟通引起的小吵小闹。”一番“望闻问切”,吴法官心里有了底:二人感情并未完全破裂,有和好的可能,“给你们12天冷静期,深思熟虑后再作决定。”

“处方”简单,“疗治”费心:第一天,吴法官让黄某主动约覃某一起带着孩子游玩;第二天,分别电询黄某、覃某对孩子今后生活的想法……12天后,两人牵着孩子来到法院,领取了调解书。

从“一判了之”到“家庭救治”,这是广西家事审判改革带来的一大变化。

  家长里短事 止争有点难

  诉讼离婚,复杂吗?

不复杂,至少在法律程序上如此。“以前,法官审理离婚案件,通常是‘三部曲’:先问是否同意调解;调解不成,就问孩子如何抚养;最后再问财产如何分割。”广西南宁市良庆区法院法官黄艳芳说。

如果考虑社会大背景,其实也复杂。“数量庞大的婚姻家庭案件,如果处理不好,会直接导致未成年人教育与抚养、妇女权益维护、老年人赡养等大量社会问题出现。”广西高院审判委员会专职委员何艳斌说。

何艳斌介绍,近年来,广西家事案件数量以年均10%的幅度持续上升;案件类型也日趋多样化,除了传统的财产分割、继承、扶养、赡养等,婚约财产、探望权等新类型也不断涌现。

但是在基层司法实践中,家事审判被重视的程度还远不够。有的法院认为,“家长里短”琐碎繁杂,处理难度大,结案效率低,不易出成绩;一些法官觉得,家事案件技术含量低,体现不出专业水平,更愿意审理房地产、财产侵权、合同等更“专业”的民商事案件。

“很多离婚案件,最后常常变成了财产分割案件。”何艳斌说,“但家事纠纷具有很强的伦理性、私密性和一定程度的非理性,常常剪不断、理还乱。‘定分’易、‘止争’难,只重视财产处置,往往容易激化家庭矛盾,甚至会诱发恶性事件发生。”

法治添温情 合力化纠纷

初到南宁市良庆区法院家事审判中心,不少人都会惊讶——没有高大的法官席,倒见温馨舒适的沙发、茶几,柔软的地毯,茂密的绿植……

“用圆桌、沙发代替审判台,用‘丈夫’‘妻子’台签代替‘原告’‘被告’,就是为了营造家的氛围,让双方缓解情绪,打开心结。”良庆区法院副院长蓝彬说。

硬件之变,折射理念之变。何艳斌介绍,2014年,包括良庆区在内的广西部分基层法院开始进行家事审判方式与规则的尝试与探索。2015年9月,广西高院出台意见,选取南宁、柳州等6市10个基层法院作为家事审判改革试点法院。

人马拉起来。各试点法院设立家事法庭、巡回法庭、家事审判合议庭等,组建专业化审判团队。截至2017年7月,广西各级法院共成立家事法庭69个、家事巡回法庭81个、家事合议庭147个、调解室114个,共有家事独任法官332人。其中,柳城、宁明县法院成立了有独立编制的家事审判庭。

理念新起来。广西试点法院推行“离婚冷静缓和期”制度,在缓和期内由主审法官实施挽救婚姻计划。引入婚姻家庭咨询师,开展庭前评估和心理疏导。蓝彬介绍,良庆区法院引入专业心理咨询师、婚姻家庭咨询师驻院参与家事案件调解工作。一些法院聘请家事调查员,加大家事案件调查取证力度。面对家暴,不用再忍气吞声,可在离婚诉讼前、诉讼中及诉讼后免费向法院提起人身安全保护裁定。

合力聚起来。广西推动建立“党委领导、法院牵头、各方参与”的家事纠纷化解机制。目前,广西已有7个地级市建立了反家暴联动工作机制。“试点法院还与当地妇联、民政局共同建立‘惜缘工作室’等场所,共设立庇护中心18个、探视中心36个,聘任家事调查员723人、人民调解员540人、心理咨询(辅导)专家76人,提高家事审判的社会化、人性化水平。”何艳斌说。

 效应正显现 问题须直面

“改革试点开始至2016年底,广西共审结一审家事案件35848件,调撤结案21758件,调撤率达60%。”何艳斌认为,家事审判改革妥善化解了大量家事纠纷,“家庭疗伤、社会减压”的改革效应正逐步显现。

“广西家事审判改革,让法官对婚姻家庭案件的敏感性、复杂性有了更多观照,不再为判而判。一系列创新之举,让法有了温暖的人性色彩。”广西大学法学院教授黄莹说。

但在实践中,一些问题也须直面。“冷静期、心理疏导、判后回访等,会给法官带来额外工作量,直接影响结案率和工作绩效,一些法院、法官对推进家事审判改革的积极性不高。”一位基层法官坦言。

此外,心理干预、家事调查员等,需要引入社会力量,这些经费在一些地方尚未纳入政府购买服务范围或法院经费预算。

 链接——

据统计,人民法院的婚姻家庭抚养继承纠纷等家事案件持续上升,成为民事审判的第二大类案件。自2016年6月1日起,最高人民法院在全国选择部分法院开展为期两年的家事审判方式和工作机制改革试点。

目前,试点工作取得进展。绝大多数试点法院已成立专门家事审判机构。其中,独立建制的家事审判庭超过50%,少年家事庭达到20%。近60%的试点法院组建了专业的家事调解队伍。82%的试点法院布置了符合家事审判特点的审判庭,配置家事调解室、沙盘分析室、单面镜观察室、心理辅导室等。在探索多元化纠纷解决机制方面,人民法院与当地综治办、民政、公安、妇联、社区服务等部门创建了形式多样的合作方式,超过80%的试点法院与相关部门建立联席会议机制或者达成了合作事项。

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