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每天消失1.6个 抢救濒危中国传统古村落迫在眉睫

2017-12-11 14:20:16   中国青年网

祭祀、老水车、山间新绿......一座村子或一个“老庄子”往往寄托着很多人的无限乡愁。但现实是,这些并不遥远的乡村生活正在慢慢远离我们。

有这样一组触目惊心的数据,近日召开的第三届中国古村镇大会向外界透露,近15年来,中国传统村落锐减近92万个,并正以每天1.6个的速度持续递减。多位专家呼吁,要以最快的速度为传统村落建立档案、盘清和抢救传统村落的家底,并出台一部专门针对中国传统村落进行保护的法律法规。

濒临消失的古村落

中国古村落之殇10年消失90万个

如今,我国传统村落整体上呈现南多北少、东多西少,集中分布于西南、华东地区,云南、贵州两省数量最多。据昨日(10日)中南大学中国村落文化智库、光明日报智库研究与发布中心、太和智库、社会科学文献出版社共同发布的我国首部中国传统村落保护报告显示(《中国传统村落蓝皮书:中国传统村落保护调查报告(2017)》,以下简称报告),自2003年至今,我国先后公布了6批276个国家级历史文化名村,4批4153个中国传统村落。

但古村落的抢救和保护进度,远赶不上古村落逐渐消失的速度。

“如果这些古村落都没有了,都消失了,皮之不存,毛将焉附。我们到哪里去寻找‘乡愁’?”中国传统村落保护专家委员会主任委员冯骥才曾忧虑地说到。

而在消失的村落中,其中有不少是具有历史风貌的传统村落。自2000年至2010年,我国自然村由363万个锐减至271万个,10年间减少了90多万个,平均每天消失80到100个,其中包含大量传统村落。

中国传统村落宰荡侗寨

古村落除了在数量上的不断锐减,部分传统村落毁坏的现象也在持续“上演”。

去年7月,在茶马古道滇藏线支线上的一个古村,以一条老街贯穿,两侧的民居皆临街而建,却因遭遇的一场大火,老街7户房屋遭到严重毁坏;川渝地区某苗寨,多建于清代到民国时期的木制干栏式建筑因村庄空心化严重,部分瓦面严重破损......

在全国,类似以上古村落遭毁坏的例子不胜枚举,“在川渝地区,也有很多村寨由于村庄空心化严重,缺乏管理,有些是房屋结构松动,倾斜明显,一些精美的门板、窗花木雕掉落。”中南大学中国村落文化研究中心川渝调查组告诉记者说。

由于各种原因而毁坏的村落不计其数,上述报告的江浙组调查员也发现该区域不少传统村落破坏较严重,如枫溪村、花桥村、泽随村、山头下村、山下鲍村、大窑村、徐畈村、杨湾村等村落均由于各自不同的原因而破败不堪。

与时间赛跑被抢救的古村落该如何“活”下去?

但很多致力于古村落文化研究的专家、志愿者的担忧不仅局限于此。

一些非物质文化遗产也面临后继乏力现象,专攻村落文化的中南大学中国村落文化研究中心的吴灿举例说,在云南考察组考察的14个传统村落中,列入申报资料的非物质文化遗产一般在十几个。

可在调研过程中发现,大多村落除了保留较好的民族传统节俗外,很多非物质文化遗产在村落中已经很难找到。

不仅如此,古村中的古桥退变为垃圾场、游客大量涌入沿街两侧的食物残渣腐烂发臭......不少传统村落在发展经济的同时,也面临环境破坏与污染的威胁。

据11月住房和城乡建设部有关负责人表示,目前中国传统村落消失局面得到遏制,已进入复苏期,在今年启动的第五批传统村落调查中,预计总数将超过5000个村落将被基本纳入。

抢救传统村庄“时不我待”的紧迫感,也在敦促各方最快的速度为传统村落建立档案、盘清和抢救传统村落的家底......可这些似乎“治标不治本”。

吴灿坦言,一定要出台一部针对中国传统村落进行保护的法律法规,鼓励传统村落订立村落保护的乡规民约。“同时,还要将传统村落保护、利用纳入新型城镇化总体规划。”

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