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共享单车缘何陷入“退费难”

2017-11-22 09:47:17   央广网

徐 骏作

近期,酷骑、小蓝等多家共享单车用户在申请退还押金时遭遇“退费难”现象,引发了海内外广泛关注。分析人士指出,出现“退费难”,一方面是由于共享单车押金本身定位不够清晰,用途不够规范;另一方面各地共享单车平台增长过于迅猛造成的供过于求,也为一些平台经营企业带来了压力。未来,政府部门、行业自身、平台企业应共同努力,进一步明确押金收缴、扣除、使用、返还等方面规则和流程,促进行业健康发展。

野蛮生长遇瓶颈

“终于退回来了,真不容易!为退这钱我从西五环跑过来。现在还有几十元钱的余额,就自认倒霉了!”北京消费者王先生在谈及自身共享单车退款经历时颇为无奈。

据了解,目前国内共享单车平台收取的押金标准其实都不高,通常仅为99元—299元不等。这对于单个用户而言并不算啥,但每个平台都有数十万乃至数千万用户,每个用户又往往同时注册多个平台,综合起来并不是小数目。

今年9月以来,已经先后有酷骑单车、小蓝单车、小鸣单车、町町单车等共享单车企业被曝光存在押金无法退还问题。在一些用户退款过程中,还遇到靠代替用户退押金的“黄牛”。

专家指出,近年来共享单车市场因其有效地解决了“最后一公里”出行需要而获得了用户青睐,有些地区的共享单车甚至出现了野蛮生长。但是,在共享单车带来方便的同时,不少平台企业也面临着发展瓶颈,有的公司因实际市场有限而退出,也有的公司仍在运营但面临资金紧张等问题。

北京市工商局相关负责人指出,共享单车押金属消费者所有,在用户提出退款申请后,共享单车企业必须在规定期限内归还,但工商部门针对消费者投诉只能开展行政调解,如果企业拒绝配合则消费者只能求助司法途径解决。

押金用途是关键

根据《中国互联网络发展状况统计报告》,截至2017年6月,中国共享单车用户规模已达到1.06亿。按用户平均超过百元押金估算,整个共享单车行业的押金数量或已超100亿元,其中还不包括用户提前充值的各类未消费余额。

具体来看,押金的存放方式主要分两类:第一类是在银行设置“专门账户”储存用户押金;第二类是将用户押金集中存放在总公司内部。

国家发改委国际合作中心首席经济学家万喆在接受本报记者采访时表示,共享单车押金其实就是用户使用单车所支付的一种抵押。因此,问题的关键并不是押金本身,而是用户押金形成的“资金池”是否被公开、透明、规范地用在了单车维护、服务提升等应有用途之上。如果平台企业未经客户同意擅自动用客户押金进行投资等其他用途,出现的损失应当由企业承担。

“目前,共享单车押金‘退费难’也呈现出一定的挤兑色彩。这意味着相关共享单车平台出现了信用危机。”万喆说,技术创新带来了产业创新、金融创新,而监管却没有及时到位,这是亟须弥补的。

在中国人民大学法学院教授刘俊海看来,共享单车的押金监管存在制度漏洞,资金安全性没保障,存在被挪用的风险,消费者没有知情权,不安全与不透明是两大问题。

监管规范防风险

同济大学法学院副教授刘春彦认为,共享单车企业如果将押金用于经营和投资,一旦经营失败就会给消费者造成损失。“本是一对一的租赁模式,变成了一对多的押金,就产生了金融属性。”刘春彦建议,应该像第三方支付那样,实现银行监管,缴纳一定比例的备付金。

“新经济、新业态不能野蛮生长,企业自治、行业自律和政府监管要协同推进。”刘俊海表示,共享单车企业汇集巨额押金,且不在明确其法律性质与用途的前提下规范存管,具有一定的法律风险,应尽快完善立法。

值得注意的是,共享单车押金使用监管问题已得到政府相关部门重视。稍早前,交通运输部等10部门发布的《关于鼓励和规范互联网租赁自行车发展的指导意见》就明确指出,企业对用户收取押金、预付资金的,应严格区分企业自有资金和用户押金、预付资金,在企业注册地开立用户押金、预付资金专用账户,实施专款专用,接受交通、金融等主管部门监管,防控用户资金风险。

“实际上,共享单车无论作为交通工具还是融资手段,其优点和弊端都是十分明显的。我们更要看到,中国共享单车市场虽然潜力大、发展快、活力足,但本质上还不是一个很成熟的市场。因此共享单车行业要想持久健康发展,政府、企业、个人之间的关系确实还有待进一步规范。”万喆表示。

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