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北斗三号为何点火4小时后才迎来“发射成功”?

2017-11-13 08:01:00   中国青年网

11月5日19时45分,北斗三号第一和第二颗组网卫星在我国西昌卫星发射中心发射成功。视觉中国供图

和以往航天活动一样,北斗三号卫星所搭乘的长征三号乙运载火箭,也是在“五四三二一”的倒计时中点火升空的,先是喷出火焰、吼出巨响,随后刺入苍穹。不过,这个最让人熟悉和震撼的画面,却只是整个发射的开始,并不意味着最后的成功。

只有火箭将卫星送到指定位置,也就是所谓的某个轨道,才算是完成“扶上马送一程”的任务,否则即便飞得再高,从火箭这个环节来说也是“功亏一篑”。

也因此,就某次航天任务而言,从火箭点火,到宣布任务成功往往要等上一段时间。这个时间的长短,很大程度上和卫星所在的轨道高低有关,比如高轨道自然要飞得久一些,低轨道飞行相对要省“油”一些,快一些。如果要经过地月转移轨道,飞向月球,自然要更久。不过那是卫星的事,火箭只需把卫星送到地月转移轨道即可交差。

至于这一次北斗三号的发射,细心的人可能会留意到,11月5日19时45分,北斗三号所乘坐的长征三号乙运载火箭已经点火,但直到4个多小时以后,整个任务才宣布成功,那时已经接近11月6日凌晨零时。通过公开报道,大家会发现,北斗三号首发的两颗卫星是地球中圆轨道,这并非围绕地球的最高轨道,却为何如此“耗时”?

原因在火箭身上。

事实上,这一次,北斗三号卫星乘坐长征三号乙运载火箭的时间只有半个小时左右,剩下的时间,则都交给了一个名为“远征一号”的上面级,后者接力,经过3个多小时的奔波,将北斗三号卫星送入目标轨道,才得以完成发射任务。

有的人对“上面级”并不陌生,它和火箭一样,也是一种运载工具,简单说即是在原有三子级火箭上面,增加相对独立的一级,形成“四级火箭”。其功能类似于机场的“摆渡车”,后者将乘客送往不同目的地,上面级则先后将不同的卫星直接送到工作轨道。

也因此,上面级又被称为“太空摆渡车”。当然,它执行的往往是中高轨航天器发射任务。由中国航天科技集团一院研制的远征一号上面级于2015年3月31日成功首飞。这一次,是远征一号上面级第4次执行发射飞行任务。

此前,在没有“太空摆渡车”时,运载火箭把卫星送入“转移轨道”后,卫星要通过自身变轨到达工作轨道。中国航天科技集团一院长征三号甲系列火箭副总设计师叶成敏称,这个过程需要消耗“数吨”燃料,飞行“数天”。而“太空摆渡车”,“接力”火箭飞行后,仅用几个小时就能把卫星送入工作轨道。

从这个角度来看,4个多小时后即迎来“发射成功”,已是比较快的了。

这也是国际通行的做法。截至目前,世界航天大国先后研发的此类运载器达数十种之多,如美国的半人马座、俄罗斯微风和护卫舰,都是著名的上面级。毕竟,这样的上面级不仅能减轻卫星自重、减少卫星的燃料消耗、延长卫星使用寿命,还能增强运载火箭的任务适应性。

至于我国,从上世纪80年代末开始,也已着手研制上面级,不过此前均为满足某一单一任务而研制,这些运载器对于更多发射任务适应性较弱。而“远征一号”上面级通用性很强,能多次点火启动,可满足不同任务需求。

回到中国全球导航卫星系统的打造,叶成敏说,上面级也是未来北斗三号卫星全球组网的主要发射方式。

他还透露,到2018年,“太空摆渡车”有望新添成员——远征一号乙上面级。这是上面级中的商业化版本,届时将与长征二号丙运载火箭组合,执行太阳同步轨道发射任务。

在可以预见的未来,空间活动将变得日益频繁,一箭多星、直接入轨的发射方式,探月、探火的深空探测任务等需求量将显得更加可观。此外,空间站补给的发射与摆渡任务也已提上议事日程,空间碎片主动清理、在轨加注与延寿、目标航天器轨道转移及系统重构等空间应用产品的市场需求将逐渐显现。

空间运输方兴未艾,空间应用鸿蒙初辟,属于“上面级”的空间运输时代正在向我们走来。

邱晨辉

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