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中国科学家发现一水稻基因在自然界发生变异,可增产15%!

2017-10-31 05:35:56   中国青年网

作为地球上最为重要的粮食作物之一,水稻的产量直接关系到地球近一半人口的温饱,不断增加水稻产量一直是很多农业科学家毕生的追求。

日前,中国科学家发现水稻的穗发育基因(FRIZZY PANICLE,FZP)在自然界中发生变异,可显著增加水稻每穗的粒数和轻微降低每粒的粒重,使水稻产量增加15%。

北京时间10月31日00:00,上述研究论文在国际学术期刊《自然》(

nature)的子刊《自然?植物》(

nature plants)在线发表。该研究来自华中农业大学生命科学技术学院教授邢永忠的研究小组。

邢永忠在接受澎湃新闻(www.thepaper.cn)采访时表示,水稻的穗发育基因(FRIZZY PANICLE,FZP)具有阻止腋芽分生组织形成并建立花分生组织的作用,水稻的产量和其密切相关。

邢永忠称,FZP是一个很重要的发育基因,其编码蛋白是不能改变的,若改变则水稻就无法结种。但是,可以通过控制FZP的表达量来控制水稻的产量。FZP的功能强,水稻粒子就变大,粒子数变少;FZP功能弱,水稻粒子就变小,粒子数就变多。

邢永忠称,每穗粒数、穗数和千粒重三个因素决定了水稻单亩产量,但是增加每穗粒数是增加产量的最有效途径。FZP的表达量变化恰好同时调控每穗粒数和千粒重的变化,如何优化FZP的表达量从而使二者关系最优化,从而使水稻产量最大化,是需要进一步研究的。

邢永忠研究小组就利用粒形差异显著的亲本川7和豪博卡构建的群体通过图位克隆(Map - based cloning,又称定位克隆),在亲本川7的FZP上游5.3kb处,发现一个18bp片段的转录沉默子发生复制,造成拷贝数变异(Copy number variation,CNV),名为CNV-18bp,使得亲本川7里有两个18bp片段串联在一起。

拷贝数(copy number)是指某基因在某一生物的基因组中的个数,单拷贝就是该基因在该生物基因组中只有一个,多则指有多个。拷贝数变异(Copy number variation,CNV)是由基因组发生重排而导致的,一般指长度为1kb以上的基因组大片段的拷贝数增加或者减少。

进一步的研究发现,转录抑制子OsBZR1结合CNV-18bp中的CGTG基因序列,从而抑制了FZP的表达。这种有两个18bp片段的FZP表达量比单个拷贝的要低,使得穗分枝时间更长,产生更多的种子,种子略微变小。该团队通过研究发现,有两个18bp片段的水稻千粒重大概减少了10%左右,每穗粒数增加40%-50%,穗数并无显著性差异,但水稻产量要比只有一个18bp片段的高15%。

事实上,绝大多数水稻中只有一个18bp片段,邢永忠团队检测了500多份材料发现,只有印度、孟加拉等东南亚地区的少数品种才有两个串联的18bp片段。邢永忠称,这种是在自然界中发生变异的。因此,可以利用分子标记辅助育种,使该优良等位基因在中国高产品种的改良中发挥巨大作用。

邢永忠对此很有信心,其所领导的小组正在利用该优良等位基因,对中国水稻骨干亲本加以改良。

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