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广东专家破获肝癌“身份指纹” 有望年底临床推广

2017-10-30 19:25:56   央广网

癌症的早期发现对于治疗效果意义重大,但就“癌中之王”肝癌来说,早期诊断却一直是全球专家面临的难题。本月上旬,国际学术杂志《自然—材料》上发表的一篇文章引起了国内外关注——中山大学肿瘤防治中心主任、医院院长徐瑞华与美国加州大学圣地亚哥分校教授张康一同带领的中美科学家团队研究发现,通过检测少量血液中循环肿瘤DNA(ctDNA)特定位点甲基化水平,可对肝癌进行早期诊断和疗效以及预后预测。

根据这一最新科研成果研发的肝癌诊断试剂盒,目前已在中山大学肿瘤防治中心小批量生产出来,待结果恒定,即可在该院公开招募患者使用。与原来常规的甲胎蛋白检测相比,新检测手段可将肝癌的早期漏诊率降低一半以上,促进肝癌的早发现早诊治。

传统手段多“漏网之鱼”

肝癌起病隐匿,患者一旦出现临床症状,病情往往已经处于中晚期而失去根治性治疗的机会。“一直以来,医生们都在血液中寻找合适的肝癌早期诊断标志物。”研究团队成员、中山大学肿瘤防治中心肝胆科副主任医师韦玮介绍,早期获得诊断的患者经过有效治疗,5年生存率可达到50%以上。现有的肝癌标志物甲胎蛋白(AFP)虽然在部分患者血液中可检测到明显的升高,但是其敏感性只有60%左右,这就意味着如果仅依赖AFP作为早期诊断的标志物,100个患者中将有40个会漏诊。

查肝癌仅需抽几毫升血

有没有更好的早期诊断方法呢?徐瑞华将研究重点锁定在一种叫循环肿瘤DNA的东西上。“现代医学研究表明,一旦肌体部位出现癌变,会有少量肿瘤细胞释放到血液中,由于其携带有与原发肿瘤相一致的甲基化改变,理论上,通过测定它的甲基化谱,就可对肿瘤进行诊断。”

最难的是,循环肿瘤DNA在血液中的含量极微,每毫升血中仅有约20纳克,相当于一滴水的一亿分之一,并且混杂在更大量的正常游离DNA背景中,在这么微量的循环肿瘤DNA中检测单个碱基的甲基化水平,好比在机场和火车站的数百万人流中找到个别犯罪分子,难度很大。

中美科学家团队先后攻克了稳定提取微量循环肿瘤DNA等一个个技术壁垒,终于从40多万个候选位点中分别寻找到10个早期诊断和疗效相关以及8个预后相关的位点,破获了肝癌的“身份指纹”,让即使是很早期的肝癌病灶也无所遁形。

在对总共1098例肝癌患者和835例健康人的实验中发现,这10个早期诊断位点的甲基化水平显示出高达84.8%的诊断敏感性和93.1%的特异性。“利用这一方法,肝癌患者的漏诊率将低于20%,比甲胎蛋白降低一半以上。早期肝癌患者及时确诊以后,将更有机会接受根治性治疗,其预后将有极大改善;还能准确地预测肿瘤的分期、疗效和复发。”徐瑞华说。

韦玮透露,目前肝癌循环肿瘤DNA甲基化诊断试剂盒的研发已经取得实质性的进展,眼下正进行前期的机器测试和结果分析,预计下月初即可开放应用。新方法简便快速,仅需抽取几毫升的血液即可完成检测;而且经济节省,适用于推广到大规模肝癌筛查中。(记者 贺林平)

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