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零下40℃施工3年 中国打通世界最高海拔高速隧道

2017-10-23 08:00:56   

今年国庆前夕,青海花久高速公路雪山一号隧道贯通。雪山一号隧道位于青海省果洛藏族自治州玛沁县,双洞总长9065米,施工最高海拔达4800多米,不仅是花久高速公路工程中海拔最高、难度最大的重点工程之一,也是目前世界上海拔最高、环境最恶劣的高速公路隧道。该隧道究竟是如何建成的呢?

在雪山勘察俩月 完成选线

雪山1号隧道与阿尼玛卿雪山隔川相望,修建这条隧道最大的难点就是隧道进口处要穿越大面积冰川堆积物多年冻土层。

专家指出,多年冻土层会造成路基的沉陷,或是隆起,边坡的垮塌失稳,修建隧道时,它也更容易出现坍塌。国内外经验显示,在施工前的勘察过程中,如果勘察到冻土层都是尽量躲避绕行。

2011年8月,中国交建第一公路勘察设计研究院有限公司、隧道与地下工程设计研究院院长曹校勇和他的团队来到地处海拔4555米的阿尼玛卿雪山进行勘探和选线工作。

在高寒缺氧的雪山下,设计人员每天户外工作十个小时以上,喝不到一口热水、吃不上一口热饭。一连勘察了两个多月,终于完成了选线工作,也就是现在的雪山1号的隧道路线。

小小火炉破解世界性难题

2013年7月,中铁十八局三公司和中铁五局的团队在阿尼玛卿雪山脚下,开始施工建设。如何保持冻土的稳定性,避免随着气温的变化而融化或冻胀,并且还不能破坏高原脆弱的生态环境,这是冻土隧道建设过程中面临的一个巨大的世界性难题。

李士栋,中国铁建十八局花久公路雪山1号隧道项目经理,他和他的团队曾经有着7年的高寒地区隧道的建设经验,但从未在冰川堆砌物的多年冻土层修建过隧道。

根据不停的实验和监测,冻土在5度的时候能保持7个小时不融化。在高寒地区,为了创造一个恒温的施工环境,不让土层和围岩受外界环境温度变化的干扰,通常会在洞口搭建一个保温棚。如何让保温棚始终保持在恒温的5度呢?

只有火炉这个最笨的方法,才是最有效的办法。但火炉的数量和火炉之间的间距需要不停的调整和测试。当时我们炉子少了不对,炉子多了不对;说距离远了不对,距离近了还不对。我们就一米一米的试,一个炉子一个炉子增加。

零下40度施工三年 用生命守护工程

雪山一号隧道地处阿尼玛卿雪山脚下,年平均气温零下4度,最低气温零下40度,空气中的含氧量只有平原地区的60%,而雪山一号隧道就是在这样极端恶劣的环境下,整整建设了三年多的时间。

在海拔4600米的高寒地区干活,隧道的通风口一刻都不能停。为保证通风口24小时保持通风,60岁的中铁十八局三公司花久公路雪山一号隧道项目副经理刘年香,每天都要不停地往返于两个隧道之间,每条隧道2000多米长,刘年香平均每天至少要走将近20公里的路。

代达元,刚刚大学毕业工作两年,是雪山一号隧道的一名技术员。他的工作是每天负责对现场操作的工人进行技术指导,确保每一个工序按照具体的技术标准和参数进行规范施工。为赶工期,小代经常要加班,最多的时候每天要连续工作12小时,而隧道内长期漂浮大量的粉尘,也让他患上了结膜炎。三年多的时间,他的眼睛一直通红,处于充血的状态。

"这就是中国人的智慧和力量"

目前雪山1号隧道全面贯通,已经可以通行车辆。

我不敢说我们的技术是最先进的,但在这样艰苦的条件下,我们用1200个日日夜夜的坚持,打通了世界上海拔最高的高速公路隧道,用我们大胆尝试的勇气,战胜了在多年冻土层上隧道施工的这一世界性难题,我觉得这就是中国人的智慧和力量。

高速公路建设助力中国经济高效运行

五年来,我国高速公路建设里程每年以8%的速度递增。占公路里程3%的高速公路承担了40%的货物运输量。

五年来,我国高速公路里程由9.6万公里增加到13.1万公里,位居世界第一。目前我国的高速公路网络框架总体形成,基本覆盖全国城镇人口20万以上的城市 。

要想富先修路,公路是经济运行的血脉,越来越多、优质的公路将为中国经济持续健康的发展提供的强大动力。

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