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从理论预言到南天观测 中国助推天文学进入全新时代

2017-10-18 07:07:55   

新华社洛杉矶10月17日电 特稿:从理论预言到南天观测 中国助推天文学进入全新时代

新华社记者郭爽

图为2016年12月30日拍摄的南极巡天望远镜AST3-2。新华社发(中科院南极天文中心提供)

在1.3亿光年外的长蛇座NGC4993星系,一例双中子星合并事件,为整个天文学界送上集体盛宴。多国科学家16日同时宣布,人类第一次直接探测到来自双中子星合并产生的引力波以及伴随的电磁信号,“多信使天文学”从此迎来全新时代。

在这一国际合作探索过程中,中国不是旁观者。从最早参与提出理论模型到南极天文观测,中国科学家正在成为前沿科学探索的生力军。

中国科学家最早参与提出理论预言

美国《现代物理评论》1957年刊载的恒星物理学“地标性”论文提出,伴随温度逐渐升高,恒星内部会先后发生氢核聚变、氦聚变等现象,并生成多种元素。到恒星的风烛残年,其内部会生成铁质核心。而在演化末期,会发生超新星爆发,并产生中子星和重金属。

尽管天文学界已在20世纪末对双中子星合并议论纷纷,普遍认为合并过程会抛射一些物质出来,这些物质以亚光速向外运动。但除了引力波辐射,人们对合并过程会产生什么样的天文学现象并不十分清楚。

当时正就读于美国普林斯顿大学的年轻中国学生李立新在1998年与波兰天体物理学家博格丹·帕琴斯基率先合作提出中子星合并模型,并推导出相关电磁辐射的解析公式。此后,世界各国科学家展开大量工作,不断完善和丰富这一模型。

对于人类首次直接探测到来自双中子星合并产生的引力波以及伴随的电磁信号的消息,现在在北京大学工作的天体物理学家李立新感到很欣慰,“但这仍不能被称为对模型的最终佐证,我们还需要更多起码这样水准的探测结果”。

中国望远镜承载国际厚望

美国“激光干涉引力波天文台”(LIGO)于8月17日捕捉到编号为GW170817的引力波信号后,全世界的望远镜都争相对准了1.3亿光年外的源头。设在世界各地的传统望远镜从伽马射线、X光、可见光、红外和射电波等波段分别观测,最终确认这一信号来自何方。

“虽然在这一事件中,全球天文台都开展了观测活动,但是,在半年都是黑夜的南极,中国天文台显然具有更佳观测条件,更适合承担这类挑战性任务。”曾与新科诺贝尔物理学奖得主巴里·巴里什共同执掌LIGO项目的加里·桑德斯16日接受新华社记者采访时说。

探测到引力波源信号约1天后,中国在南极冰穹A地区安装的有效观测口径为50厘米的南极巡天望远镜就自动开始观测这个目标源,最终得到了目标天体的光变曲线,与理论预言高度吻合。澳大利亚天体物理学家、前美国国家光学天文台台长杰雷米·莫尔德说:“感谢中国南极望远镜的探测,正是其探测结果让我们距离揭开双中子星进化之谜又近了一步。”

电磁波的余晖转瞬即逝。“许多天文台都需要等到另一个夜晚才能开始观测,而中国的南极观测就完全不同。”现任国际大型合作项目30米望远镜项目经理的桑德斯告诉记者。

中国成为前沿天文探索生力军

尽管中子星在宇宙中很常见,但中子星合并不算特别常见的现象,探测到这一宇宙现象并不容易。依照莫尔德的说法,中子星合并现象的发生次数约为中子星数量的10%。

“中国在南极安装的望远镜,不仅可以快速捕捉到信号,还具有测量的能力,”桑德斯对记者说,“这是一项激动人心的成就,它同时证明,中国在南极安装望远镜颇具成效,是值得的。”

在南极,目前只有中国在冰穹A地区和欧洲在冰穹C地区安装了望远镜。迄今,由中国国家天文台南极组自主研发的南极巡天望远镜运控系统已成功运行几年,实现了真正无人值守条件下带有指向跟踪的望远镜全自动运行。

“中国有能力对南天发生的天文事件开展观测,特别是基于南极的天文观测。中国科学家开展了完整的科学分析,从能量衰变角度,支持了双中子星合并引力波电磁对应体的重大天文发现,”中国国家天文台副台长薛随建说,“我们曾经担心自己仍会是局外旁观者,但在这次划时代的天文事件中,中国科学家的贡献可圈可点。”

今年早些时候,中国宣布将在南极冰穹A地区再安装两台望远镜,一是2.5米昆仑暗宇宙巡天望远镜,二是5米冰穹A太赫兹探测器,旨在打开地球上独一无二的天文观测新窗口。莫尔德认为,建成后的这两台望远镜将成为世界上强大的远程控制天文台。

“随着多信使天文学新时代的到来,更多激动人心甚至完全不可预期的重大发现还会不断涌现,”薛随建说,“我们还要不断致力发展和提升天文观测设备的综合能力,进一步推动天文学前往更新的时代。”

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