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中国科研团队解开兰花进化之谜

2017-09-14 15:16:23   央广网

央广网深圳9月14日消息(记者李强 通讯员刘国惠 黄慧霞)记者获悉,国家兰科中心刘仲健教授领衔比利时根特大学、台湾成功大学、中科院植物研究所、华南农业大学、日本埼玉大学、福建农林大学、清华大学等高校和科研院所组成的国际科研团队以深圳拟兰Apostasia shenzhenica为突破口,通过对深圳拟兰进行全基因组测序以及小兰屿蝴蝶兰Phalaenopsis equestris、铁皮石斛Dendrobium catenatum进行全基因组重测序,并结合其它兰科和非兰科植物的转录组及其基因功能分析,揭示了兰花的起源及其花部器官发育和生长习性以及多样性形成的分子机制和演化路径,成功解开了困扰人类一百多年的兰花进化之谜。研究成果以“The Apostasia genome and the evolution of orchids”为题于2017年9月13日登上了世界顶级科技期刊Nature《自然》。

本研究在世界上首次完整重建了兰花进化的基因工具包和演化路线图,揭示了兰花花部器官发育的分子机制,更正了人们对兰花进化的传统认知,填补了植物学研究的多个空白,为植物进化生物学研究提供了数据基础和重要借鉴,为兰科植物形态特征的功能研究提供重要的理论依据和指导。同时,兰花全基因组序列也将为兰花遗传工程育种研究提供重要资源和基础,对于促进兰科植物保护,药用资源开发、品种创新具有重大意义。

兰花有近3万种,约占开花植物物种的10%,作为植物界种类最丰富的家族之一,它呈现出独特的花的形态,有一唇瓣,蕊柱,花粉块,种子尘状无胚乳,可在地上或树上、石上生长,从而成功地生活在地球几乎每一个栖息地,呈现出巨大的多样性。兰花其花的起源、进化和多样性的形成,被称为兰花进化之谜。一百多年来,全世界无数科学家不断致力于解开这一谜团,均未取得突破性进展。

兰科有5个亚科:拟兰亚科Apostasioideae、香荚兰亚科Vanilloideae、杓兰亚科Cypripedioideae、兰亚科Orchidoideae和树兰亚科Epidendroideae。很早之前,刘仲健科研团队就已注意拟兰属物种拥有几个独特的特征而有别于其它兰花:花不扭转,辐射对称,无唇瓣,雄蕊和雌蕊分生,花粉粒散生、没有聚集成块状;植株地生,具有发达的地下根。拟兰具有与仙茅相似的“原始”性状,被认为最接近于达尔文推测的“假兰”,是研究兰花进化的好材料,但取材非常困难。2011年,刘仲健科研团队在深圳市梧桐山上发现了一种拟兰新物种,以“深圳市”市名作为它的种加词命名为“深圳拟兰Apostasia shenzhenica Z. J. Liu & L. J. Chen”。深圳拟兰是一个自花授精的物种,它的发现为兰科植物进化研究提供了很好的实验材料。

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