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科普:蝙蝠为什么会撞玻璃

2017-09-12 17:02:27   新华网

新华社北京9月12日电 利用回声定位,蝙蝠可以在暗夜里敏捷飞行。但德国科学家新近发现,这个定位系统遇到光滑的垂直表面时会失灵,导致蝙蝠容易撞上玻璃窗或玻璃墙。

德国马克斯·普朗克鸟类学研究所的科学家说,外立面采用光滑玻璃的建筑物附近经常出现死亡蝙蝠,可能就是因为光滑表面造成的“感知陷阱”使蝙蝠容易撞墙。

蝙蝠发出高频声波,分析收到的回声以感知周围环境。进化过程将这种定位系统打造得非常强大,分辨率可以达到毫米级。但现代城市里的玻璃表面是自然界中从未存在过的事物,在自然界中进化形成的定位系统无法正确感知。

研究人员以大鼠耳蝠为实验对象,让它们在狭窄的通道里飞行。如果通道一侧竖立着光滑的金属板,绝大多数蝙蝠会至少撞上一次;金属板水平放置时,不管放在哪里都不会有蝙蝠撞上。对野外蝙蝠群落开展的实验也显示,蝙蝠容易撞向竖直的光滑塑料板。

研究人员解释说,光滑表面与普通物体不同,会把绝大部分声波反射到远离蝙蝠的方向,导致蝙蝠收不到回声。如果金属板水平放置,蝙蝠没有收到下方回声,会认为自己飞行在池塘或湖泊上;但如果垂直放置,前方没有回声,它们就会认为面前是开放空间。

相关论文已发表在新一期美国《科学》杂志上。

蝙蝠会捕食害虫,还会给植物传粉,对农业和生态有着重要意义。研究人员提出,有必要对垂直镜面密集的区域进行密切观察,评估“感知陷阱”对蝙蝠种群的实际威胁。

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