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王阳明:立志读书学圣贤(家风家训)

2017-09-12 03:47:21   新华网

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明代心学大家王阳明(1472年―1529年)出生于诗书世家,祖父王伦以教书为生,父亲王华是成化辛丑科状元。身为状元之子,王阳明自小就接受了良好的儒学教育。与时人不同的是,他读书学习却不以科举考试为目的。王阳明11岁在京师读书,曾问私塾老师:“何为第一等事?”私塾老师说:“惟读书登第耳。”王阳明却并不认同,认为“登第恐未为第一等事,或读书学圣贤耳”。

“读书学圣贤”如何才能实现?王阳明给出的方法是:先立志。在写给弟弟王守文的《示弟立志说》中,王阳明提出:“夫学,莫先于立志。”“君子之学,无时无处而不以立志为事。”通观王阳明的著作,君子之学,又叫圣学、圣人之学、圣贤之学或正学,就是学为圣人或君子的学问。王阳明认为,常人只要明白自己本有良知,通过读书学习致得自己的良知,并按良知行事,就是圣人或君子。

在王阳明看来,掌握了圣人之学的秘诀,只要立志去求,便能达成目的。“盖终身问学之功,只是立得志而已。”《教条示龙场诸生》第一条讲的便是立志:“故立志而圣则圣矣,立志而贤则贤矣。”在《启问道通书》中他也主张:“大抵吾人为学紧要大头脑,只是立志。”他的《忆别》诗中也有:“贤圣可期先立志,尘凡未脱谩言心。”

王阳明对为学先立志格外看重,他曾不厌其烦地向其亲朋好友宣讲立志说,在《寄张世文》信中他这样写道:“学不立志,如植木无根……自古及今,有志而无成者则有之,未有无志而能有成者也。”在《与克彰太叔》信中,他对既是其族叔祖又是他弟子的王克彰如是说:“学本于立志。”并且还特别叮嘱:这是他最近新体悟出来的为学之道,一定要坚守。

王阳明曾说:“求圣人之学而弗成者,殆以志之弗立欤!”但立志读书学圣贤并非易事,“夫立志亦不易矣”。外在的困难是要面临科举考试的挑战。如何处理读书学圣贤与科举考试的矛盾,王阳明认为,只要悟到了良知,读书与科举并不相妨,读书时心也不会为科考所累,“只要良知真切,虽做举业,不为心累”“志于道德者,功名不足累其心”。

王阳明本人是直到第三次参加会试,才以会试第二名、殿试第十名登第。尽管如此,王阳明从不以科举考试来要求他的晚辈,而是要他们立志学圣贤。在《寄正宪男手墨二卷》中,他这样告诉养子王正宪:“科第之事,吾岂敢必于汝,得汝立志向上,则亦有足喜也。”立志向上便是读书学圣贤。又怕他的子侄们学圣贤立志不坚,他在家信《赣州书示四侄正思等》中要求他们把其写给弟弟王守文的《示弟立志说》抄录下来:“吾尝有《立志说》与尔十叔,尔辈可从钞录一通,置之几间,时一省览,亦足以发。”

王阳明年少便立下“读书学圣贤”的志向,并把它当作一生的追求,既成就了他心学大家的地位,也为后世树立了读书学习的榜样。在提倡素质教育的今天,王阳明的做法或许有值得借鉴的地方。

(作者为中国社科院当代中国研究所助理研究员)

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