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上海交大科研团队实现大面积高效率钙钛矿太阳能电池制备

2017-09-11 20:42:21   央广网

央广网上海9月11日消息(记者吴善阳 唐奇云)仅在全球太阳能丰沛的戈壁沙漠地区进行铺设,低成本的钙钛矿太阳能电池所发出的电能就可满足全球能源需要——这一设想很快就有可能变成现实。近日,国际著名学术期刊《Nature》在线发表了上海交通大学材料科学与工程学院金属基复合材料国家重点实验室韩礼元教授团队的研究成果“A solvent-and-vacuum-free route to large-area perovskite films for efficient solar modules”(无溶剂免真空条件下的大面积钙钛矿薄膜和高效太阳能电池模块制备),该团队使用更加经济安全的新方法制备出比蝉翼还薄数十倍的大面积钙钛矿薄膜,向实现大规模低成本太阳能发电的目标迈出了重要的一步。如果这种钙钛矿太阳能电池成功产业化,就无需依赖政府政策资助,便可成为市场主流的发电方式。

上海交大材料科学与工程学院杨旭东研究员和韩礼元教授为共同通讯作者,陈汉博士、叶飞博士、唐文涛为共同第一作者。上海交通大学、日本材料物质研究所、苏州黎元新能源科技公司、瑞士洛桑联邦理工学院为合作研究单位。

交大团队制备大面积新型太阳能电池模块,首次认证效率的诞生

人类社会的发展对能源的需求与日俱增,而煤炭、石油等传统化石能源却因不断消耗而逐渐匮乏,引发能源问题的同时还带来巨大的环境问题。太阳能取之不尽、用之不竭,把太阳能转化为电能的光伏技术,成为解决人类能源危机最具潜力的科技之一。然而,目前太阳能光伏电池制备成本较高、工艺复杂,如果没有国家的政策支持,便难以实现大规模应用。

据介绍,太阳能电池是利用“光电效应”发电的:在光的照射下,电池中光电材料内部的电子会被光子激发出来而形成电流,于是就有了电。目前太阳能电池中的光电材料普遍使用的是硅材料,硅电池的光电能量转换效率较高,但它的制作成本也高,而且在制作过程中需要消耗大量化石能源、产生污染环境的化学物质。于是迫切需要发展新一代低成本太阳能电池。

“钙钛矿材料2009年首次应用于光伏技术,短短几年时间,实验室钙钛矿太阳能电池的光电转化效率屡屡取得突破,它的光电能量转换效率已经快速增长到22.1%,超过了多晶硅太阳能电池的效率水平,而发电成本却低于硅电池。因此,钙钛矿太阳能电池被评价为光伏研究领域极具竞争力、最有希望实现低成本发电的光伏技术。”韩礼元介绍说。

既然钙钛矿电池很便宜,发电又“给力”,那为什么目前市面上还是硅电池更常见?因为这种新型太阳能电池“不好做”。“电池如果要达到实用化需求,那它的关键部位——钙钛矿材料薄膜——面积要足够大,薄膜质量要足够好,这样才能保证电池的光电能量转换效率足够高。多晶硅太阳能电池的光电能量转换效率大约在21%左右,而现阶段超过20%认证效率的钙钛矿太阳能电池面积只能达到0.04 cm2-0.2 cm2,顶多像个米粒那么大,而且依靠现有制备薄膜的技术,钙钛矿薄膜的面积越大,越容易出现瑕疵,电池的效率就越低。“我们团队用了3年时间解决这个问题,在大面积高质量钙钛矿薄膜制备的基础上,开发了有效面积36.1 cm2的钙钛矿电池模块,在国际认证机构首次获得了12.1%的认证效率,建立了第一个大面积钙钛矿模块的效率世界纪录。”韩礼元表示,这一成果的出现意味着未来钙钛矿光伏技术有了走出实验室、实现大规模产业化的可能。

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