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从污水横流到白鹭回归——厦门筼筜湖综合整治纪实

2017-08-31 17:30:54   新华网

新华网厦门8月31日电(汪亚)青山绿水、碧海蓝天,厦门作为东南沿海重要的港口和旅游城市,以其优美的自然环境和充满文艺气息的城市风貌为人称道,然而,环境污染也曾一度成为城市建设者和市民心中的痛。正确处理好经济发展同生态环境保护的关系,让良好生态环境成为最公平的公共产品,让被污染的港湾湖泊再度清水鱼跃,让百姓的生活有干净的水、清新的空气、优美的环境,厦门用行动印证着良好生态环境就是最普惠的民生福祉。

厦门岛西部与西海域相通处,曾有一个天然的避风港湾——筼筜港,每当夜幕降临,停泊在湾内的渔船灯光闪烁,像天上的星星浮沉于水面,若隐若现,闪烁不定,清乾隆年间“筼筜渔火”就成了厦门的八大景之一。

二十世纪70年代,厦门市围海造地修建了西堤,使筼筜港成为一座基本封闭的内湖,改称筼筜湖。“当时厦门市的市政设施基础十分薄弱,各种工业、生活污水未经处理,完全按自然地形沿着明沟排放到自然水体里,结果是筼筜湖周边大量污水、垃圾排入湖区,筼筜湖水质急剧恶化。”前厦门市筼筜湖管理处处长郝松乔向记者展示了当年的一组照片,照片中的筼筜湖两岸杂草丛生、垃圾遍地、污水横流,隔着照片似乎都能闻到湖水的恶臭。

“那时候人们路过筼筜湖都捂着鼻子,开车路过都要关上窗,而且湖里边硫化氢这些有毒有害的气体也在腐蚀着人们的健康。”郝松乔回忆起30年前的景象还是忍不住摇头。曾经的“筼筜渔火”,变成了人们望而生畏的死湖,成为市民心目中的疮痍。

环境恶化的筼筜湖给厦门“海上花园”的称号蒙上了一层阴影,百姓怨声载道,外商投资热情降温,厦门社会、经济发展受到冲击,尽快解决日筼筜湖污染问题,找回原有的美丽海滨城市,成为厦门市民的强烈要求。

“整治筼筜湖,保护西海域”的奋斗目标由此提出,1989年厦门市发文上报国家环保局,将筼筜湖列为第二批全国污染限期整治的项目,并按照厦门市重点工程项目进行管理。一场持久、全面的筼筜湖生态环境综合整治正式启动。

1982年,厦门市政府对厦门造纸厂等25家主要企业实行限期整治。到1990年,通过多种行政管理手段控制入湖污染源,基本解决了重金属、细菌和病毒对水体的污染。八十年代,企业污水预处理投资达1239万元,新增处理能力每年达634.9万吨,减轻筼筜湖水体的污染和污水处理厂的负荷。

筼筜湖水体恶化的主要原因是水体长期交换不畅造成缺氧,丧失自净能力,使湖水及湖底污泥厌氧发酵。引潮入湖,搞活水体成为改善湖水水质的重要手段。通过纳潮入湖、西水东调,输送新鲜海水,筼筜湖干渠、松柏湖以及天地湖的湖水水质得到显著改善。

与此同时,为扩大湖区库容,尽量减少厌氧发酵的温床。厦门市沿湖修建岸线,减少垃圾、杂土等人为的污染。一方面清挖湖底淤泥,扩大水面面积;另一方面沿湖修建驳岸、导流堤及环湖林荫步行道。对筼筜湖沿岸进行绿化的过程中也在不断美化湖区景观,整治后的筼筜湖湖面面积达到1.5平方公里。

30年来的综合治理让筼筜湖找回了曾经清澈的湖水,湖内水生生物再现,飞走的白鹭再度回归,这里已成为具有良好生态环境的集文化娱乐、游览休闲为一体的风景区,同时还承担着厦门市区37平方公里流域的蓄洪防涝重担。

社会、经济的高速发展,以及社会文明的进步,让人们对生态环境的保护意识日趋自觉与强烈,对生态环境的要求也越来越高。“筼筜湖区的整治和保护是个复杂的系统工程,还有许多工作等着我们去做,筼筜湖的整治从开始的那天起就从没有停止过。”谈起筼筜湖周边今后的发展,退休的郝松乔充满自信,“如果说厦门是一位少女,那筼筜湖就像是她脖子上的一颗像明珠,我相信这颗明珠一定会更加灿烂。”

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