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“生命禁区”里的求生“智慧”——随“第三极”科考队探秘高原奇花异草

2017-08-26 11:40:59   新华网

新华社西藏阿里8月26日电 题:“生命禁区”里的求生“智慧”——随“第三极”科考队探秘高原奇花异草

新华社记者吕诺、王军

被许多人视为“生命禁区”的青藏高原,其实是一个生物多样的律动世界。在冰天雪地野蛮生长的奇花异草,能攻克高原 “寒”“旱”和“繁衍”三道难关,必定“身怀绝技”。

近日,新华社记者随第二次青藏高原综合科考队深入“世界屋脊的屋脊”阿里地区,听生物与生态变化考察队负责人、中科院昆明植物研究所研究员杨永平讲述高原植物神奇的生存“智慧”。

高山雪莲:多功能“战袍”保暖防晒

高山雪莲,是冰雪的精灵。她扎根雪线之上,傲立冰川之间;花色素洁,不慕蜂鸣蝶舞,更有药石之效。

高山雪莲属菊科多年生草本植物,常分布于海拔4000至5000米的高山地带。杨永平介绍,应对寒冷,雪莲有奇招:全株密被白色长绒毛,仿佛穿着雪白的毛大衣。

可别小看了这件不起眼的“外套”,它保护着娇嫩的雪莲不受霜冻之害,又可“锁水”——减少因蒸腾作用导致的水分丧失,同时还能“防晒”——反射高原上强烈的太阳辐射,可谓一件多功能的“战袍”。

 蕨麻:克隆霸占地盘,结籽优生优育

蕨麻,亦称人参果,具有较高的营养价值和药用价值。在藏北高原,蕨麻整个植株呈粗网状平铺在地面上。它春季发芽,夏季长出众多紫红色的根状茎,节外生根,犹如蛛网,匍匐地面,伸向四方。

杨永平说,在苦寒的青藏高原,植物通过有性生殖方式繁衍后代几率比较小。许多植物在进化过程中逐渐具有了克隆繁殖本领,即通过其根、茎、叶,以无性繁殖的方式形成新植株。蕨麻就是主要以地下根茎进行自我克隆,以星火燎原之势向四周蔓延,霸占地盘。

当蕨麻在一个区域内势力足够壮大,它还会开花结果,有性繁殖,优生优育出更加强壮后代。

 紫花针茅:卷叶成针,保水防身

青藏高原冬夏两季降水相对丰沛,但夜晚的霜冻常使得这里的植物产生生理性缺水。在阿里地区,很多地方年降水量不足100毫米。如何有效抗旱保水,成为植物能否适应环境的关键所在。

紫花针茅属于寒旱生植物,广泛分布于海拔4500至4800米的阿里中部、藏北草原等区域。杨永平说,紫花针茅的叶片向内卷成针状,使得日照和水分蒸发的面积最小化。

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