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因何致残?如何预防?怎样康复?——“消除生命缺憾”还需筑牢三道防线

2017-08-24 18:16:12   新华网

新华社北京8月24日电 题:因何致残?如何预防?怎样康复?——“消除生命缺憾”还需筑牢三道防线

新华社记者毛伟豪、罗争光、肖思思

8月25日,是我国新设立的首个“残疾预防日”。根据第二次全国残疾人抽样调查推算,我国每16人中就有1名残疾人,且每年新增残疾人约200万。这么多人因何致残?如何筑牢残疾预防的防线?怎样才能提升康复的水平?新华社记者为此展开调查。

  后天致残是主要因素

2006年第二次全国残疾人抽样调查显示,全国残疾人总数为8502万人,与1987年第一次抽样调查的5164万相比,第二次抽样调查残疾人总数增加了3132万人。

我国各类残疾致残原因中,后天获得性因素是致残的主要因素。先天性因素致残占9.57%,后天获得性因素致残占74.67%,不明原因或其他因素致残占15.75%。在先天性残疾中,遗传性残疾占31.09%,发育缺陷非遗传性残疾占68.91%。后天性残疾中,传染性疾病致残占11.77%,非传染性疾病致残占71.58%,创伤及伤害致残占16.65%。

从年龄分布来看,“人口老龄化+慢性疾病”这一组合因素正在显现叠加效应。随着我国心脑血管疾病、糖尿病、骨关节病、精神障碍等慢性病患病率不断提高,60岁以上老人新增残疾的比例不断攀升,2006年已达到30.65%。

其中,脑卒中日益成为“致残大户”。2015年《中国脑卒中防治报告》显示,我国每年新增脑卒中患者逾200万,年发病率增长8.7%,脑卒中患者中近70%可以存活,但多数会造成较严重的残疾。

此外,我国出生缺陷致残尚未有效控制,全国每年新生缺陷儿约有90万例。在我国人群死因前十位中,交通事故由1999年的第八位上升至2013年的第三位,道路交通事故死亡率约为日本的4倍。

  残疾预防需做好三级预防

根据世界卫生组织的技术报告和各国残疾预防的实践经验,三级预防模式是残疾预防的有效模式。

一级预防是指采取包括免疫接种、倡导健康生活方式、加强安全防护等措施消除引发伤病的危险源和危险因素。二级预防是指开展早期筛查、定期体检、早期干预等,对已发生的伤病及时进行干预,防止伤病造成残疾。三级预防是指采取实施矫治治疗、康复功能训练、辅助器具适配、无障碍改造等措施减轻残疾程度,改善残疾人功能状况。

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