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注意增加有机肥和生物菌肥用量有的菜农肥料投入越来越多,产量却越来越低,这与其不合理的施肥习惯有关。主要表现在,长期过量施用化肥,忽视施用有机肥,连年种植不深翻土壤,盐分大量积累在浅层耕作层。因此,在蔬菜定植前,要注意增加有机肥用量,深施有机肥。其目的是为了增加土壤中有机质含量,促进土壤团粒结构形成,增加土壤透气性。此外,还要注意增加生物菌肥用量。生物菌肥能够增加土壤中有益微生物数量,抑制土传病害发生,同时还可促进生根,利于蔬菜形成壮棵,提高后期产量。
注意减少化肥用量在大拱棚种植前茬作物时,往往有机肥施用较多,再加上后期冲肥量较大,决定了秋延迟大拱棚蔬菜定植时,最好减少化肥用量。高温天气,化肥在土壤中溶解度很高,加之土壤中本身盐分高,过多施用化肥不利于根系生长。
注意不要全棚铺黑色地膜夏末秋初的环境条件不仅利于蔬菜,也利于杂草生长。有菜农为预防株行间杂草,在定植后覆盖黑色地膜。黑色地膜阻挡水分蒸发,地面湿度大,容易导致地膜下温度过高,大量水蒸气从茎基部挥发,灼伤蔬菜茎基部,为病原菌侵染创造机会。当前,有菜农定植的茄子出现贴近地表处茎秆变细、变黑,甚至干枯死亡的现象。从症状看,应是茎基腐病菌侵染引起。这正是黑色地膜灼伤茄子茎基部,诱发了病害所致。有菜农已经形成了缓苗后立即覆盖地膜的习惯,此时菜苗较小,比较容易操作。黑色地膜的主要作用是防止杂草生长,但全棚贴地无缝覆盖使其产生的弊端要高于防草的优势。因此,若铺设黑色地膜不应将其连接起来,要与植株茎基部保持一定距离,并压住茎秆周围。如果棚室内温度过高,不建议菜农覆盖地膜,可在高温过后(处暑后)再进行地膜覆盖。王德明邵红梅高绍英
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